Solution of Applied mechanics of mid western university _Arun panthi

Solution of Applied mechanics of Mid-western university .It is a complete solution of Numerical .It was prepared by Arun panthi and lectured By Dipesh Dc sir.It is in form of PDF to download the given PDF click on the download button.

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Class 12 summers of heritage of words

POEM

The Grandmother
The Lamentations of the Old Pensioner
Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies
God’s Grandeur
Traveling Through the Dark

SHORT STORY

About Love
A Story
The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship
The Tell-Tale Heart
Hansel and Gretel
The Gingerbread House
The Little Brother and the Little Sister
The Boarding House

ESSAY

Two Long-Term problems: Too Many People, Too Few Trees
Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star
I Have a Dream
Women’s Business
The Children Who Wait
A Child is Born
Gretel
Hansel and Gretel, Jack Zipes
Hansel and Gretel, Bruno Bettelheim

DRAMA

Purgatory

Grandmother

Writer : Ray young Bear

Summary

“Grandmother” is written in nostalgic tone. In the poem, the poet has tried to manifest his intimate relation with his grandmother. The love and affection that she showed towards him in his childhood (it is obvious she is no more with the poet), is still imprinted on his mind and heart. To depict the closeness of their relation the poet has successfully utilized two new tools in the poem –

a) conditional sentences, and

b) sensuous images.

The poet boasts that he was so intimate to his grandmother that if he got even a glimpse of her from miles away, his sense of sight would immediately recognize that it was his grandmother by observing her purple scarf and the plastic shopping bag. He was so familiar with her that he could also distinguish that the “warm and damp” hands that were put on his head were of nobody else but of his grandmother. It was not that he could only use his sense of sight or sense of touch to identify his grandmother. His sense of smell and sense of hearing were also equally capable of recognizing her. He could recognize his grandmother from “the smell of roots” that her hands gave off.

Most importantly, the words of his grandmother were a source of inspiration for him. When he used to hear her words, it used to flow inside his body and revive his lost strength and vigour. He has compared its effect with stirring the ashes of sleeping fire to regenerate fire. Fire is the source of energy, light and clarity. Similarly, when the poet used to hear her words it used to fill him with new energy, hope, and erase all his confusions. In other words, her advises were a source of motivation for him.

हजुरआमा”अमेरिकी- भारतीय कवि रे यङ बियर द्वारा लेखिएको कविताले आफ्नो दादीको लागि अज्ञात प्रेमको कविताको सम्झना राख्दछ। कवि उनको हजुरआमाको चित्रको चित्रण गर्दछ – सबै मायालु, सबै प्रेरणादायक चित्रहरू।

एक पोतेको रूपमा, कविको हृदय उनको दादीको नजिक छ। यस कविताले कवितालाई उनको मृत्यु पछि समेत आफ्नो दादीलाई सहभागिता र निकटताको गहिरो भाव प्रस्तुत गर्दछ। उसले उसलाई बिर्सन सक्दैन। उनको छविहरू पहिलेको जस्तो ताजा मनमा आउँछ। उनले स्वाद को बाहेक सबै इंद्रद्वारा पहिचान गर्न सक्थे। यदि कविले तिनलाई लामो दूरीबाट हेर्दा, उसले सजिलै उनको पहिचान गर्न सक्छ। उनको तातो र नम हातले उनको टाउकोमा जराको गन्धको साथ उसलाई अनुमान लगाउँथ्यो कि ती उनका सट्टा हातहरू थिए। भित्ताबाट बाहिर आएको आवाज पनि तिनको वरिपरि निद्राको आगोबाट निस्कियो। उनको शब्दहरूले तिनलाई प्रेरणा दिन्छन् र उहाँको आत्मालाई प्रस्ट पार्छ।

।

IMPORTANT QUESTION

QUESTIONS

Q. 1. What images do you find in this poem written by a member of the Sauk and Fox (Mesquaki) Indian tribe of North America? To what senses do these images appeal?

Ans.:

There are various images used in the poem, for example, ‘purple scarf’, ‘plastic shopping bag’, ‘warm and damp hands with the smell of roots’, ‘voice coming from the rock’ and ‘a sleeping fire at night’. All these images are closely related to the activities and life styles of Mesquaki tribal people. Most of tribal people do not have the opportunity to enjoy a fairly rich and luxurious life. They buy ordinary stuff in a small amount. As they have to survive on natural plants, it is natural that their hands smell roots which they use as food. Similarly rocks and night flies are also inseparatable parts of tribal life. All these images used in the poem are very much appealing because they provide rural and rustic setting to the poem. These images give the realistic impression and make the poem very much life-like.

Q.2. How does the speaker has feel towards his grandmother ? In what words or lines does he make his feeling clear?

Ans: The speaker has an affectionate and respectful feeling towards his grandmother. He describes his grandmother in such a way that she becomes the source of love and inspiration to him. He expresses his warm and intimate feeling to her through the words like feeling her ‘warm and damp hands’ and ‘her words would flow inside me like the light’. Here, the grandmother’s words are compared with the light of sleeping night fire which lightens the darkness when it is recovered by removing the ashes. This means that her words lighten the darkness of his life and show the right path to truth, love and goodness.

Q.3.What is the main idea of the poem? [063-3]
⇨Nostalgia is the main theme of the poem Grandmother. In this poem the poet remembers his dead.grandmother and writes about her. He draws a picture of his grandmother- all loving and inspiring. This
poem presents the poets deep sense of intimacy and closeness to his grandmother even after her death.He can not forget her. He could recognize her by all senses except taste. The poet uses different images to draw the picture of his grandmother. ‘Purple scarf ‘ and ‘plastic shopping bag’ is related to eyes, while
the touch of ‘warm and damp’ hands appeals to skin or touch. A ‘voice coming from a rock’ is related tothe sense of hearing; and her hands lik e that of ‘roots’ appeal to the sense of s mell.

Q.4.What impression of grandmother do es the speaker give in the poem ‘Grandmother’?
➭The speaker gives the all-loving and all-inspiring impression of his grandmother in this poem. He
feels as if her memory is flowing inside him. He feels as if her memory gives sparkles like the ashes give
at night. He remembers her purple scarf and her plastic shopping bag. He remembers her warm and
damp hand with the smell of roots. The poet presents the deep sense of intimacy and closeness to his

grandmother even after her death. He c an not forget her.

Travelling Through The Dark

Writer : William Stafford

SUMMARY

The poem, “Travelling through the Dark”, depicts the internal conflict between the mind, a sense of responsibility, and heart, the compassion, of the narrator. At the same time, through the symbolic “Dark” of the title the poet is able to portray that the growing affinity of human with machine is tempting them to collide with the nature, a collision which will be threatening for all the living species on the planet, not only a doe.

On a dark night, the narrator was driving his car on Wilson River road. At the edge of the river he found a dead deer. His common sense told him to roll that deer into the gorge because the road was narrow and a slight carelessness might call for more accidents. He stopped his car and went near to it. It was a doe and had been dead. But when he dragged it he found that it was pregnant.

When he observed its belly closely, he sensed that the fawn inside it must be alive. But he also knew that it could not be born. The tragic fate of the fawn made him emotional. It was difficult for him to throw the body into the gorge because it would kill the baby instantly.

His dilemma and inactness blocked the street. He listened the people getting restless as everybody was in hurry to go. They immediately wanted the road to be opened. The narrator thought very deeply and concluded that it wasn’t practical to leave the dead body of the doe on the street. It could make more accidents. Therefore, he threw it into the gorge and chose to perform his duty.

IMPORTANT QUESTION

1. Explain the title of the poem. Who are all those travelling through the dark ?

ANS: By the title we know the speaker is driving a motor in the dark. He travels through the heights and along the jungle. He is nature lover. They are all nature lovers and naturalists who travel through the dark. “That road is narrow” indicates that the speaker is in the jungle by the side of the river, not in the highway.

2. Show how the action develops stanza by stanza.

ANS: The poem has five stanzas and each stanza is interrelated. In the first stanza, the speaker finds a dead deer on the way and pulls it to the side. In the second stanza, he gets down the car and sees a deer killed immediately. It is stiff and cold. He pulls it off. In the third stanza, the speaker doesn’t act but thinks seriously about the living fawn inside the belly of the deer. In the fourth stanza, he explains the sounds of machine in the car in the isolated place. And in the last stanza, he pushes the deer into the river.

3.At what point does the physical action cease, to be replaced by another kind?

ANS: In the third stanza, the physical action ceases and mental actions begins. The speaker feels the warm belly of the dead doe and seriously thinks about the future of the fawn and imagines different things about it.

4.How do the last two lines complete both types of action ?

ANS: The last two lines complete both physical and mental activities. The first line of the last stanza shows mental activity and the speaker thinks about the living creatures and nature. But the last two line describes the physical activity of the speaker and he pulls the doe into the river. Both activities end.

5.What is the meaning of the last two lines of the poem ? Does the poem moralize?

ANS: The last two lines in the poem means there is a problem in the environment and problem of life. The life problem can’t be corrected because the doe is already killed which is bitter reality. The dead body can pollute the environment and the speaker has morality to last duality of life and to keep environment clean so he completes his duty.

6. Do you think the reference to the alive but never-to-be-born fawn sentimental ?

ANS: Yes, of course, the poet tries to make the poem sentimental and he opens the reality of the life of the fawn. They are made but dead without birth in the earth. It is bitter reality.

7.Explain the meaning of the word “swerve” in line 4 and line 17. Does the speaker “swerve” ?

ANS: In line four of the word “swerve” means to change the direction of the car and in line seventeen the word “swerve” means to change the idea. In line four, the speaker doesn’t move or change the direction of his car because it makes the condition of deer worse and in line seventeen he changes his mind and pushes the deer into the river instead of thinking about the fawn’s fate.

8.Stanza 4 is the break in the narrative. How do you explain it’s significance in the poem ?

ANS: From first stanza to third stanza the speaker describes the condition if deer and it’s fawn’s fate but immediately in the fourth stanza, the writer changes the subject and describes his situation. It is important because there is a part of life that they should continue their journey. The break occurs because the poem moves from physical description to the mental state of the poet. He changes his mind and decides to push the dead deer into the river.

9. What is the tone of the poem: ironical, sympathetic, and indifferent?

ANS: The tone of the poem is ironical. At first, the poet shows sympathy on the fawns but at last he ends the life of the fawn. The poet seems nature lover but kills the doe and it’s unborn kid. The reader shows love to the fawn but not to the doe. So, in conclusion, the poem has ironical tone although there is sympathy on fawn.

The Lamentation of the Old Pensioner

Writer : W. B. Yeats

SUMMARY

W. B. Yeats, the greatest English poet of 20th century, presents the reminiscences of his eventful young age and contrasts them with his present pathetic old life in the poem, “The Lamentation of the Old Pensioner.”

The title suggests that the poet is a Pensioner. It means he must be very old and is living a retired life. He says whenever he is caught in rain he takes shelter under a broken tree. The broken tree can not protect him from the rain. Here, one must note the point that in England it rains during winter. It means he is deprived of a reliable shelter, when he needs it most. But it was not always the case with him. When he was young, he used to sit nearest to the fire, which warmed and comforted him. You can’t light fire in rain outside. It means he had reliable place to live in when he was young. Not only that, the cosy parlour of the poet always used to be full with the livelier company of his friends who talked about love and politics. But today, he misses them as “Time” has taken away all his friends leaving him old and isolated.

He sees some mischievous boys making weapons for some conspiracy. These ‘rascals’ are sure to create chaos in the society through some barbarous activities. But the poet is not concerned about the possible anarchy in the society. He is sad as the time has transfigured him.

The poet laments that the time has made him ugly like a broken tree and therefore, no woman shows interest in him. However, the poet consoles himself that “the beauties that he loved” are still fresh in his memory. He holds the “Time” a culprit, who has taken away his shelter, friends, youth, energy, and charm and wants to spit on its face in disgust for his metamorphosis.

IMPORTANT QUESTION

. Write a brief essay on “Art and Life” or “Life and Art”.

Ans. The skill of creation is called Art. People in possession (having) of this creative skill are known as artist. Art may be different by its form,style and time. Although it is different by its form and style, art always influences human beings. Art always remains as an effective and important motivational factor for human beings. In order to live a happy and satisfied life, art is an inevitable aspect of life. An art in its supreme form is able to provide us the deepest inner freshness which in turn inspires us to make ourselves happy and amiable. To get rid of difficulties of life, it is immensely important for us to appreciate. By appreciating art, we can keep ourselves happy by forgetting the problems of life.Human life is very transient (short) and when we die our life is finished. But despite this appearance of physical existence, an artist can live an immortal life. Life is sure to come to an end but art remains forever. Laxmi Prasad Devkota is remaining immortal among Nepali people for his fine piece of art in, literature in the form of “Muna Madan”. Other great artist’s of different artistic fields are still immortal

because of their great works of art. When we enjoy art we findamiability within ourselves thereby inspiring us to appreciate art.

It is indeed true that all works of art provide us the deepest experience and higher value of our life.

Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies

Writer : William Shakespeare

SUMMARY

The poem “Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies” is a song sung by the Spirit Ariel in Shakespeare’s play “The Tempest”. The Spirit sings this song to Ferdinand, the prince of Naples, who mistakenly thinks that his father is drowned.

The speaker of this poem is Ariel who is very powerful spirit of wind who flies lightly and invisibly playing music and singing songs. Here he sings the song about the death of Ferdinand’s father. According to him, Ferdinand’s father lies thirty feet below the surface of the sea. Ferdinand is very worried about the death of his father. Giving him sympathy Ariel says that his father has got quite meaningful death. His body is not decayed. Every part of his body has been changed into something beautiful, valuable and strange. His eyes are transformed into pearls and bones are’ changed into coral. The sea nymphs welcome his death by ringing the death bell “Ding-dong” every hour.

In this poem, the spirit Ariel has presented very artful and melodious description about the death of Ferdinand’s father. The prince of Naples is worried thinking that his father is drowned. He is very sad about the meaningless death of his father. However, Ariel gives him sympathy by making the death meaningful through his powerful and magical description. He says that nothing of the dead body has decayed or rotten wastefully. Everything of the dead body is changed into meaningful and precious objects at the bottom of the sea. Ariel finally requests Ferdinand to listen to the death-bell rung by the sea nymphs to welcome his father’s beautiful and meaningful death.

Important Questions and Answers:

Define the poetic devices used in the poem with examples.
Ans: The following are the poetic devices used in this poem.
a. Alliteration: It is the repetition of the initial sound of word many times in a sentence. Example: Full Fathom Five thy Father lies. Here, the ‘F’ sound is repeated four times in the sentence.
b. Onomatopoeia: It is a way of expressing on object by imitating its sound instead of naming the object. Example: Ding-dong-bell Mew-cat
c. Assonance: It’s the process of making a vowel sound long and nasal to create special effect and to maintain the poetic matter. Example: d-i-ng, d-o-ng

God’s Grandeur

Writer : Gerard Manley Hopkins

Summary:

In his sonnet “God’s Grandeur” the poet G.M Hopkins praises the magnificence and glory of God. He describes the majestic deeds of God. He claims that God is omnipresent and omnipotent. The good deeds on earth are also the results of these qualities of God. Though human beings continuously destroy nature, it is never spent.

The world is full of the greatness of God. Due to His greatness, the world shines like ‘a shook foil’. It gathers to greatness, as it is full of resources. Despite this fact, human beings act adversely. They don’t follow the commands of God; rather they function to destroy the world. Earlier generations destroyed the earth and so is the case with the present generation. People are more interested in materialist gain and possessions than in celebrating the glory of a loving, merciful, heavenly Father. They act as if they are not rational creatures. As a result of their deed, the earth has become dry; it has the smell of human beings instead of its natural smell. Indeed the earth has reached to the verge of destruction. Nevertheless, the world is not completely destroyed. Because of the freshness that is inside things, nature keeps on regenerating. The sun sets in the evening only to reappear in the morning. These all happenings are the results of the god’s protection. He protects the earth just like a bird broods over the eggs.

Though the world is infused with the glory of God and Christ offered His body to be crucified, mankind does not live in awe of God, but imposes darkness on itself by running endlessly. Even so, despite humanity’s shortcomings, God is most capable of perfect love and embraces the world anyway. The poet is of the opinion that human beings acts are always directed towards destruction: knowingly or unknowingly. But God loves all the creatures of the world, so he works for the benefit of the creatures without any hope of benefit or profit. The poet inspires people to grow faith in God.

About love

Summary

“About Love” is a famous Russian story written by a famous story-writer, Anton Chekhov. In the story, Chekhov presents the difference between three love stories and tries to prove that “Love” like that is not bound by conjugal relations. He views that love is true and spiritual. Happiness, unhappiness, morality, sin, virtue, social status, class, prestige etc. have nothing to do with love. Alyohin is the narrator in this story. He had been living as a poor farmer at Sofyino since he graduated from the university. The story begins when the narrator and his two guests-Bufkin and Ivan were having breakfast in a country house. Alyohin told about the violent love affair between his two servants Nikanor and Pelageya. According to the narrator, pelageya didn’t want to marry Nikanor but she was ready to live with him just so. On the other hand, Nikanor couldn’t stay with her before marriage for religious reasons. Alyohin says that love is a hindrance and a source of dissatisfaction and irritation. To justify his statement, he began his own story.

Alyohin had to work hard at Sofyino to pay off his debt as his father had spent a lot of money on his education by mortgaging the land. Though he was a landowner, Alyohin had to work hard in the farm with his servants. Many years before, he had been elected honorary justice for peace and sometimes he had to go to the town to participate in the court session. Unexpectedly, one of his friends, Luganovich invited him for dinner. There, he was very much attracted by the young and beautiful Ana Alexeyevna, the wife of Luganovich. In the later days, he frequently visited her and they spent much time together flaking for hours and going to the theatre. Though they couldn’t miss the company of each other, they didn’t express their desires, love and feedings. They hid feelings fearing that it would ruin both of their lives.

At last, as a result of unexpressed feelings, Anna had got mental sickness and she had to go to Crimea for treatment. Many people gathered at the railway station to say goodbye to Anna. When the train started to move, Alyohin ran to Anna with her basket which she had forgotten. Their emotional eyes met together and their spiritual strength couldn’t stop them falling in each other’s arms. They kissed each other and expressed their deep love. However, they parted forever and Alyohin returned to his farm land (village) being sad and he would never meet her again in his life. The true love of Alyohin is the means of living. The moment of her memory often relieved Alyohin in his life.

Important question:

1.The second paragraph of “About Love” is a brief account of a violent love affair between two servants’. Is it significant that Aloyohin is the source of this anecdote?

⇰ In the second paragraph of the story, Alyohin tells the story of the violent love affair between Nikanor and Pelageya. It is important that Alyohin is the source of this story because in the story Alyohin is not only a character but also the narrator. The whole sotry revolves around him and his story telling except slight intervention in the first and last paragraph of the story. As he is the narrator, whatever he tells about other and about himself should be believed without any question. The contrast between the love affair of Nikanor-Pelageya and Alyohin-Anna is clear. In the first love story, hero and heroine belong to socially inferior class whereas in the second love story, they belong to socially superior and cultivated class of people. And moreover, the love between first couple is an ordinary and usual love between a man and women to be materialized by marriage but love between Anna and Alyohin is of higher level, an unusual love which goes beyond the social limitation and matrimonial bonds .

2. How does an account of the occasion and of the setting in which the narrative occurs affect our understanding of Alyohin?

⇒ First two paragraphs of the story provide an appropriate setting to the story. The story starts with an occasion where few friends including Alyohin are having a leisurely time perhaps celebrating their holiday. What they all are doing is eating, drinking and talking. As the time goes on, Alyohin starts talking about the love affair between Nikanor and Pelageya and nature of their behavior. Their conversation turns to the subject of love which leads to the telling of Alyohin’s own love story. Alyohin’s statement about love is very much influenced by his own experience. By telling his own love story, he wants to free love from marital bonds. So, the setting does affect our understanding of Alyohin.

3.An atmosphere of inertia is established in the opening paragraphs of the story. Cite some specific details which help to create this atmosphere. Is this air of indecisive leisure suggested again at the end of the story? What is the connection between this atmosphere and Alyohin’s behabiour with the women he loves, and the outcome of their relationship?

ANS: The story begins with an occasion where few friends are having leisurely time. They are eating, drinking and talking about anything they like. They have already had their breakfast and the cook again comes to ask what they would like for dinner. This occasion helps to create the atmosphere of inertia in the sense that they have nothing special to do except eating, drinking and talking. The same air of leisure is suggested again at the end of the story. As Alyohin is telling the story, the rain stops, the sun comedn

s out and two friends Burkin and Iva go out on the balcony and enjoy a fine view of garden. The atmosphere was a close connection with Alyohin’s behavior with the women he loves. Alyohin seems to be lovely fellow and he is always disturbed by the memory of his beloved Anna. Whenever he has any free time, he can’t help telling his love story to others. This also suggests that he has got life long grief and misery as the outcome if his relationship with Anna.

4. Alyohin is said to rush around like a squirrel in a cage and this judgement is echoed in the final paragraph of the story. What is the significance of this repetition?

ANS: Alyohinis said to rush around like a squirrel in a cage and this judgement is repeated in the final paragraph. This repetation is very much significant. Alyohin is not a common man. He is an educated man with the knowledge of language and intellectual sensibilities. But instead of involving in scholary activities, he is living a life of a simple farmer which limit the scope of his life. In this sense the first judgement is made by Luganovich family that he is rushing around like a squirrel in a cage. The same judgement is repeted by his friend when he finishes telling his love story. Alyohin tells his love story so skillfully and beautifully that his friends are greatly impressed by his intelligence and skill. Such a person who can tell stories with such a candor, with kindness and intelligence is living a life of an ordinary farmer. So, his friends are sorry for him and make this judgement. The implication is that he should have been an artist, or writer, not an ordinary farmer.

5. Why do you think Chekhov chose to write about and ordinary man instead of a hero or a scholar or actor? Does Chekhov imply anything about Alyohin’s assumption that “Celebrated” people lead more fulfilled lives than the rest of us? Do you agree with Alyohin’s assumption?

ANS: Chekhov chose to write about an ordinary man instead of a hero, or a scholar or an actor in order to present general human nature and possible events that may happen to a man. Even a hero or a scholar or an actor is a man at first, then only comes what he does. And moreover, natural human feelings of love, hatred, anger, emotion, happiness and grief do not make any difference between celebrated personality and common and ordinary man. These feelings are common to all. The only thing is that well educated people may perceive things differently and may better handle in a different way. So, I do not agree with Alyhin’s assumption that only the celebrated people lead more fulfilled lives. Each human attempt kindled with virtue and goodness is heroic in it’s own way. Chekov also doesn’t imply anything about Alyohin’s assumption because Chekhov has presented the plight of common ordinary man as opposed to Alyohin’s assumption. Alyohin does not know that he is the hero of the story of his won life.

A story

Summary:

The boy, with his uncle, was sitting in their room when the boy’s uncle’s friends came there. Their coming had the aim of deciding date for outing. They said that they had collected fund and liquor forouting. Afterwards the uncle’s friends returned back t o their home. The next da y they came with the list of names for uncle’s acceptance. He read the whole list and accepted all the names. Then there was his wife with china dog. She threatened him that she would go her mother’s house if he did not cancel the program. In anger she asked him to choose either her or outing. The uncle said that he preferred outing.On Saturday morning the uncle’s wife left house. She had written a note to her husband in which she hadasked him to put off shoes befor e going to bed. At about eight the uncle ’s friend came t o his house with a charabanc. They became ready to go for outing. As they drove off, the women of the village peeped out from windows and boys bid them good-bye. No sooner had they crossed the village then reached to a

public house. The uncle asked the boy to look after the charra whereas they went inside. A little later a man came and asked for the way to pub. The boy took the man there. Inside the pub he saw his uncle and his friends drinking, breaking the glasses and talking nonsense. The boy did not remain there. He was afraid of the situation. Afterwards the uncle and his friends came out and got into the charra. Then they reached to a river where they all got down and played with water. From that time onwards, they forget the idea of Porthcrawl. By the evening they reached to place called Hermit’s nest. There they decided to rest and enjoy drinking. They drank so much rum that they could not control their sense. They later made decision to return back. On the way home, they rested in a field and sat in a circle. They continued drinking there too.

♡ Q.1.Description of the boy’s uncle and his wife.

➭The boy’s uncle was tall, big and red-hairy. He used to occupy every inch of his room. He was just like a buffalo squeezed into an airy cupboard. His voice was hoarse. He used to drop food and drink on his waistcoat. His waistcoat looked like a picnic spot recently left by picnic-goers . Another childish behavior of his was to carry whistle under his neck. Whenever he was happy, he blew whistle. His wife however was lean and thin. She did not make noise while walking or working. She was hot-tempered. On every weekend, her anger used to be very high. As she became angry, her husband would lift her and keep her on the table. She in turn used t o hit him with china dog.

Q.2. The plan was t o go to Porthcawl for the outing. Did the y ever reach there? Why?

➭The plan of the narrator’s uncle and his friends was to reach to Porthcawl for the outing. But they couldnot reach to their destination because of their habit of drinking. But it does not mean that it was the only one cause for it; there are many. The first cause was their late departure. It was only at eight o’clock they started their outing. Another cause of it was the late arrival of one of their partners. Because everyone was worried about himself, they moved without counting all heads. But when they knew that one was missing, they could not continue their journey. They returned to receive him. The third and the greatest of the causes as already said is their nature of drinking a lot. When they reached the mountain sheep, they drank a lot. They did not think of their destination. It was only after the owner informed them of the closing time. They came out though it was already late to reach to Porthcawl. No one worried about even after they came out. They thought of playing with water when they reached to river. Hence, they could not reach.

Q.3.Describe the r elation between Thom as (the boy’s uncle) and his wife.

➭Though the narr ator thinks that the r elationship between Thomas and his wif e is bad, actually they loved each other very much. When his wife was angry he used to lift her under his arm in the chair. She used to playfully beat him on his head with the china dog. Thomas was a heavy man who often drank alcohol. His wife did not like it. So, she often went to her mother’s house. But at that time also she used to arrange some eggs for him and ask him to put off his boots while going to bed.

Q.4.What is the r eason for which Will Se ntry always followed Mr. Franklyn?

➭In this story, Will Sentry is always followed Mr. Franklin that is because he thought that he could do

any mistake about money. It means Franklyn had kept all money about their journey. They didn’t believe to each other about money.

The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship

Writer : G. G. Marquez

SUMMARY

This story is written by applying stream of consciousness technique. It explains how a boy deepens his observation and grows from an ordinary boy to an assertive young man.When the story starts we find the boy is already grown into assertive man, when he asserts, “Now they are going to see who I am.” But in the very next line we are made familiar about the past events through retrospective technique.

Four years ago in March, the boy saw a huge ship, which lost its way, crushed to a rock and sank. There were no lights on the ship. Neither had it appeared in the light of the lighthouse. He could only see the ship in extreme darkness. Our common sense tells that we can see an object only if it is luminous or it is illuminated. Thus, it is clear that it was just an imagination of the boy. He was himself not sure about that vision for the first time and didn’t tell anybody about that.In the following March, he saw a similar ship again. This time he told his mother about it. His mother didn’t believe him. Rather, she thought the boy became lunatic and lamented for three weeks. However, she assured him that she would go and look at the ship if it came again. But before the arrival of the ship, she died.When the ship appeared in March again, the boy called the villagers to see that ship. But as there wasn’t any ship and they beat the boy for telling lie. After that the boy decided if the ship came next time he would show everybody how big the ship was.

The ship appeared in the fourth March too. This time the boy led the ship with a stolen lamp in a small boat. The light of the lamp helped the ship to correct it way and it followed the boy. The boy brought the ship to the village. The gigantic ship was 97 times longer than the village and 20 times taller than the church. The boy imagined that its loud siren had woken the whole village and they were looking at the ship in disbelieve. This would help him to prove his worth and who he was.Actually it is the story about the powerful imagination of the boy. Sometimes a person’s creative power becomes so sharp that he can see his vision in concrete form. A normal mind with limited power of creativity hardly sees such picture.

Q. Why did the bo y have to prove who he was? (The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship)
⇨This amazing story shows the steady development of a boy into adulthood. In course of his development, he encounters with the ghost ship many times. The more he visualizes the ship the more mature he becomes. Many years ago, when he saw the ship for the first time he was a boy. The ship was amazingly large and heading to the land without any lights and sound. It would disappear if there came the light from the lighthouse. So, the boy thought it was a fantastic dream. As he saw the ship next year he told his mother about it and insisted her to see it. But she said that her son had gone down crazy. So, she promised him to see it next year and went to the town to buy a chair asking a boatman to watch her son. As she died, the villagers accused the boy of fetching misfortune into the village. With the evil chair.so, he preferred stealing fish from the boat rather to live on charity. They mercilessly beat him as he
asked them to watch the ship. Eventually, the hatred, rage and the isolation made the boy quite resolute,
strong and fearless. He was neither confused by emotion nor frightened by the miracle. It is a sign of his
maturity. So, the boy when saw the ship suddenly realized that he could control its movement by using
the lantern. He took control over the ship and made it follow him to the village church. He felt that all the
disbelievers watched all this, being stunned. Thus, he proved his manhood.

THE TELL -TALE HEART

Summary:

The narrator claims that he is not mad as he could hear things in the heaven, earth and hell. To

justify himself saint, he confesses dangerous crime he has committed. The narrator and the old man

used to reside together; they had very good relationship. The man used to love the old man very much.

The old man also used to treat him well. The only thing that irritated the narrator was the eyes of him

which were pale and vulture like. To end the consequences, he went to the old man’s room continuously

for seven days. But returned, as he could not see the eyes of the man. In the morning he spoke politely

and behaved as if nothing had happened. On the eighth nights, he as usual went there with torchlight. He

did every thing stealthy and cautiously. Despite it, he happened to touch tin fastening, which dropped and

disturbed the sleep of the man. In desperation, he asked who it was. The narrator remained speechless

and motionless. A little later his sense brought him the reason that the old man was asleep again, he

aimed the beam towards the old man’s eyes. As he saw them, he grew angry. He then, jumped towards

the man, dragged the man and pressed his neck with bed. At last, he dismembered the old man’s dead

body and put it under the plank. After it, he cleaned the place spotlessly clean. It was already four when

he finished the task. At four, the three policemen came because someone had heard a shriek and

informed them to investigate. The narrator lied them that the shriek was his own in dream and the old

man was absent for some days. He welcomed them, brought them to his room and took to every nook

and corner of his house. The policemen didn’t suspect any wrong there. The narrator took them to the

spot where he had hidden the corpse of the old man. He cordiallyasked them to sit on the chair, which he

had kept there. He sat there just over the plank whereas policeman continued talking with smiling face.

The narrator, at the mean time, heard tick-tick sound of a watch coming from beneath. He mistook it as

the heart-beat of the old man. He desir ed to reduce the loudness of the sound. F or this purpose, he spoke

louder; though it didn’t do any good. He felt the sound growing; he felt the policemen’s smile as the smile

of mockery. It became unbearable for him to keep the reality secret. He thought it better to confess than

to hide. Eventually he conf essed the crime.

Q.Was the narrator mad?

⇨ I think the narrator is mad because a sane person wouldn’t kill somebody like that just because he

doesn’t like his eyes. It wouldn’t be any logical cause to kill a person. Again, he wanted to kill the old man

when his eyes are opened. He didn’t kill him while his eyes were open. He killed the old man but thought

his heart was beating and he himself r evealed his crime without any compulsion.

Though sanity and insanity is a matter of debate, there are various indications in the story that suggest

his madness. The narrator killed an old and innocent man with out any concrete reason. He did not

hesitate to cut the body of the old man into pieces. Though the man loved him, he did not understand the

value of love. Rather he mercilessly killed him. Even after killing and dismembering the body of the old

man, he suspected that the old man’s heart was beating. He had no idea that after a man is killed his

heart stops beating. The narrator has revealed himself that he is suffering from a disease which causes

over-acuteness of the senses’. Over-acuteness of senses is also one sign of madness. He was overcome

by homicidal mania. Madmen never repent their wrong doing. In this story also instead of repenting for

Hansel and Gretel

About this story:

A poor woodcutter once lived near a forest. His children and Gretel were cruelly treated by the stepmother. Once there was a famine and the wife advised her husband to leave the children in the forest forever. The husband was unwilling because he loved his children. Having heard the stepmother’s plan, Hansel collected shiny pebbles at night. He dropped those pebbles when they were leaving for forest. In the forest, when their parents deserted them, they returned back home following the shiny pebbles in the moon light. Next time also their parents deserted them in the forest. This time they couldnot return home. After three days of searching their home, they found a house made of cake, sugar and bread. A witch came and trapped them. She put Hansel in a cage in order to eat him. But by the intelligence of Hansel, they were freed. Hansel even killed the witch with her clever trick. After collecting lots of jewels fr om the witch’s house, they returned home and united with their father .

Summery:
Once there was a famine in a country, which compelled the step mother to think of leaving the children to the forest. The father yielded to the wish of wife, as she was pigheaded. In the morning, the step mother asked them to get ready to go to the forest. Hansel had collected pebbles as he had heard.the conversation of parents the earlier night. As they left their home, the boy dropped pebbles on the way.After walking for some duration, they reached to a spot where the step mother asked the children to wait till they return back. But it was only a trick to leave the children in the forest. At midnight, when they got up, the boy thought of returning to house. He could return successfully with the assistance of pebbles he had dropped. At home they were welcomed by the father though the mother was indifferent. There was another famine in the country, which forced the mother to bring the previous idea back again. The father
accepted despite his unwillingness. The boy, unlike previous time, was unable to collect pebbles as the mother had locked the door from outside. Early in the morning, the children were woken up and given bread. The boy dropped the bread on the way making it crumbs. Unlike before, the parents took them
deep into the forest. The children were left there. They wished that their parents would come which didn’t
happen as they had thought. The children couldn’t return back to their house as the breads crumbs had been eaten by birds. They, at last reached to a house made of bread and cakes. As they nibbled from the house, a voice sweetly spoke them to continue. It was a witch, who used to eat children whoever came handy. The witch, on the next day imprisoned the brother and compelled the sister to do laborious deeds.Everyday the witch went there and checked how fat he had become. The boy could deceive her with the help of a bone. As she realized that the lad would never become sedentary, she decided to end the consequence. Early in the morning, she ordered Gretel to fetch water. She had prepared oven to end the brother and sister. As Gretel arrived there, she asked her to be in. Gretel showed ignorance to the way of entering and asked her to demonstrate. No sooner had the witch tried to enter her head, she pushed her into oven and closed it. She then released her brother. They went inside the house and collected treasures. On the way back home, they arrived by a river, which was full of water. The boy asked a duck to help him across the river. As they reached their house after long walk, they saw their father, who welcomed them happily . Their step mother had alr eady died.

Q.1. What do the bird and the expense of water symbolizes in the fairy tale?
➭ The white bird is the symbol of bridge which guides the children up to home safely and then water is the symbol of tr ansition and beginnin g of happiness.

The Ginger bread House

Summery:
Robert Coover’s story “The Gingerbread House” consists of forty-two numbered paragraphs which shows the parts of the story and it is an adoption of “Hansel and Gretel”. In the mid afternoon, an old man leads two children to the pine forest. The boy is dropping thepieces of bread and the girl is singing nursery songs and carrying a basket of flowers. The old man seems poor and miserable who wears the torn clothes is very poor, weak and thin. The children are also wearing torn clothes and walking with bare feet. The eyes of the old man are blue and his face is wrinkled. He is looking for the chance to leave the children in the thick forest. He feels guilty. Though he loves his children, he has no food to feed them. As they are walking, they encounter terrible witch who has worn black clothes. Her face is pale, her body is thin and twisted and her eyes are like burning coals. She cries madly and stretches her hand in the empty space. She catches a white do ve and tears its r ed heart out.When they are on their way to their journey, they reach into the “Gingerbread House”. The house can be reached walking on the biscuits through the garden of sugared fruits. The house is made of
sweets, chocolates and sugar. There is sticky I garden of sweets. The door of the house is heart shaped and red. It is shining like a ruby. The door is half-open. The place is sunny and beautiful. The air is fresh.There is river of honey and lollipops gr ow like daisies. The bo y looks back and finds that the br eadcrumbs that he drops are eaten up by the white birds. He is sad as his plan to return back home fails. The old man and the children spend the night in the forest. The next day, the old man tries to return back home.silently but the children see and follow him. He pushes the girl and strikes the boy. The children weep but the old man returns home lea ving the childr en in the dense forest.There are several obstacles in the story that are faced by the children. Numerous problems and difficulties in the forest are common for them. However, they don’t lose their heart. They come to the gingerbread house. They fall on the sticky garden of sweets. They lick each other clean and are happy.The boy climbs up the roof of chocolate. They enjoy eating bread and sweets. Beyond the door of the
house, there is the terrible sound of the witch flapping her black rags.

The boarding house

Summary
James Joyce in the story The Boarding House recollects his own days of youth in Dublin by drawing the characters of Mr. Doran and Mrs. Mooney. Mrs. Mooney was a butcher’s daughter who married to the foreman of his father’s meat shop. After the death of her father, her husband started drinking alcohol and spending monkey from the shop. He started quarrelling with Mrs. Mooney in the presence of customers and soon ruined the business by selling bad meat. Once her husband chased her with large knife in order to kill her and she had to protect herself by hiding in neighbours house. After that incident, Mrs. Mooney left her husband, sold the meat shop and started a boarding house. Most of the people staying in her boarding house were the workers from the city. Mr. Doran, an employee of an office used to live in the same house. Mrs. Mooney
had a 19 years old daughter called Polly Mooney who helped her mother in doing the household work and running the boarding house. Mr. Doran was having a love affair with Polly Mooney. Mrs.Mooney was aware about the love affair but she kept pretending to be unknown about the affair, there by allowing them to proceed ahead in their affair Mrs. Mooney actually wanted Mr. Doran to marry her daughter. Finally, Mrs. Mooney asked about the affair to her daughter and Polly Mooney revealed everything about their love affair to her mother. Mrs. Mooney was happy but the love affair as Mr. Doran would have to marry her. If he didn’t agree to marry her, he would probably lose his job as the love affair was known to everyone in the city. Analyzing all the aspects of the situation, Mrs. Mooney called Mr. Doran in order to convince him to marry her daughter. Although, he was reluctant to marry miss Polly Mooney because of her education and family background. He was under pressure to accept the proposal because of the prevailing situation as the affair was already known to everybody. When Mrs. Mooney was trying to persuade Mr. Doran, Ms. Polly Mooney was making a future plan of life with Mr. Doran being very happy.

Q. Sketch the character of Mrs. Mooney.
⇨ Mrs. Mooney, the main character of the story The Boarding House possessed a civilized and conscious character or behaviour. She had a daughter called Polly once fell in love with a boy called Mr. Doran. Gradually, people came to know about their relationship and started to gossip. Finally, Mrs. Mooney came to know the fact. Due to her civilized manner, she didn’t get angry but planned to make a perfect inquiry to find out the fact. If Doran had no bad intention, she would allow them to get married. If not she would take action against him to pay as a compensation . Later on, it is understood that she settled the problems between them and allowed them to go ahead. Before this event, she had started a shop to sell meat. She had two children. She got separated from her husband after he became useless to business. She followed legal process to get separated. She started a business of boarding house where many people stayed from short to long time. From such kind of ideas and schemes of Mrs. Mooney, we can say that she was bold, decisive, responsible, civilized and a perfect woman. On the other hand, she gave responsibility to her daughter and son. Miss Polly had to be responsible to look after the boarding house. It means Mrs. Mooney was conscious to make them independent. So, regarding her character,

Mrs. Mooney is courageous, business skilled, and deser ving all types of qualities fit in modern time.

Q. How do you think Mrs Mooney settled with Mr. Doran about Polly? Did Mr. Doran marry Polly or pay out compensation? [059-3]

⇨Mrs. Mooney was in search of a good husband for her daughter Polly. When she knew that Mr. Doran and

Polly had developed a relationship, she thought of plan to blackmail him. In my view, she forced Mr.Doran to marry her daughter because Mr. Doran was rich man. Though he was 35 years old, he was soft-mouthed and abo ve her social status.I think that Mr. Doran married Polly because he was trapped by Mrs. Mooney. Mrs. Mooney was rich but her social status was not so good. So, Mrs. Moone y forced him to marry her daughter.

ⓛⓘⓣⓣⓛⓔ ⓑⓡⓞⓣⓗⓔⓡ ⓐⓝⓓ ⓢⓘⓢⓣⓔⓡ

Writer : Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm

SUMMARY

It is transformation fairy tale written by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s. “The Little Brother and the Little Sister” are all about the account of “Hansel and Gretel” in a different way. The children are not identified by their names but by their relation. So, the title is not “Hansel and Gretel” but “The Little Brother and The Little Sister”. In this fairy tale, a poor woodcutter lives by a great forest. He lives very difficult life with his second-wife and two children. Once, there is a famine (food shortage) and the family has no bread to eat. The step-mother is very cruel who forces her husband to leave the children in the forest. The children know the plan of their parents. The brother goes out of the house at night in the moonlight and fills his pocket with the shining pebbles. The next morning, the little brother and his sister are taken to the forest. On the way, the brother keeps on dropping the shining stones one by one. In the forest, the parents make a great fire and ask the children to wait until they come back. However, the parents don’t come back. The children are worried and they wait for the moon. When the moon shines at night, they came back home following the shining pebbles. The father who loves them very much becomes happy but the cruel step mother becomes angry.

In the meantime, there is the scarcity of food. The step mother again compels the father to get rid of the children. They again take the children to the forest. This time the little brother drops the pieces of bread on the ways. The parents again make a great fire and come back home leaving the children in the forest. The little sister and her brother wait until the moon shines at night. However they don’t find the pieces of bread as they are eaten up by the birds. Then they are lost in the dense forest. They walk on and on for three days and finally they reach a house made of bread. The Window is made of sugar. When they begin to eat, an old witch comes and takes them inside the house she provides them with good food and nice bed. The next day, she imprisons the boy in the stable and makes the little sister work hard.After making Hansel fat, she wants to kill the brother and roast the little sister. One day the witch asks the sister to go into the oven to see if it is hot or not for the cakes. The clever sister says that she doesn’t know how to go into the oven. When the witch shows how to go in, the little girl pushes the witch inside the oven and closes the door of the oven. The witch burns to death. The little sister frees her little brother and they return home with a lot of jewels. The step mother is already dead. The father becomes happy and rich.

ⓗⓐⓝⓢⓔⓛⓛ ⓐⓝⓓ ⓖⓡⓔⓣⓔⓛ

Writer : Jacob and Wilhelm GrimmSUMMARY

Once in a time, nearby the large forest, a poor woodcutter lived with his wife and two children. The son’s name was called Hansel and the daughter was Gretel. The children were always neglected by their step-mother. She didn’t love them and wanted to get rid of them and felt burden because of their presence at the house. There was the scarcity of food and famine in the region, so their father was unable to give food to the children. The step-mother was cruel and unkind to the children. That is why the stepmother made a plan to leave the children in the forest and for that reason she compelled her husband to leave the children in the forest. The children also understood the plan of their parents but didn’t do anything and accepted the bitter reality. They were suffering from hunger. The boy Hansel was very clever and he had gone out at night, filled his pocket with pebbles so as to scatter in the way of their trip to the forests.

One day in the morning, the poor family had begun their trip to forest with the intention to leave the innocent children. Hansel threw the pebbles on the road one by one. When they reached the forest, their father and mother left them were sleeping nearby the fireside. As the children woke up at night, found them alone and their parents had not there, so they waited until the moon rose and followed the road where the pebbles shone like silver pieces. They were able to come in to their house because of the pebbles. Their step-mother was restless to see them but the father was happy. The parents made another plan to leave them into more dense forest and the children had overhead the conversation of their parents but they couldn’t do anything as they were trapped in the room and given some breadcrumbs by the stepmother for the next day and went to a thick forest. But this time Hansel threw the pieces of bread on the road. When the father and mother came back home like before leaving the children in the forest in their deep sleep, the children woke up at night, followed the road but the pieces of bread were not there They missed the road, were tired and fell asleep under a tree. They followed a singing bird when they woke up. They reached a house. The roof of the house was made up of bread and the windows of sugar. The hungry children began to eat the house. An old woman came out from the house. She took them inside the house. They felt that it was heaven. The woman was wicked witch. She wanted to kill and eat them. So she imprisoned Hansel in the stable, gave good food to fatten him. But once, Gretel pushed the woman into the oven and bolted the door of oven and the woman burnt to death. Then Gretel being very happy freed her brother.

The children were extremely excited when they found a lot of pearls and jewels in that house. They put it into their pockets and headed towards the home. But in their way there was a huge body of the water and began singing a son. Then the duck came and rescued them to the side of the river. When they walked a bit more, they knew that the river was familiar and while walking far they had seen their father’s home. They ran and found their father in the home but their step-mother was died. They gave the precious stone, jewels and pearls to their father and lived happily afterwards.

Purgatory

William Butter Yeats

ⓢⓤⓜⓜⓔⓡⓨ:

In this supernatural play, W. B. yeast has expressed his faith on the existence of any supernatural power and life after death. Purgatory is a mythical place the soul of a dead man is puriﬁed from his sin to send towards heaven. In Roman Catholic Christianity, when a man dies he goes either to heaven or to hell according to his deeds. If he has done neither good nor bad work, his soul goes to purgatory. It remains as a ghost there until it wouldn’t be puriﬁed after punishment. The soul remains in the purgatory until the cycle of crime wouldn’t be stopped in the family.

The boy and his father walk on the moonlight night; they are near a ruined house. Pointing towards the house, the old man describes the past of it. The house used to be occupied by his mother and her husband. The mother of the old man had married with the groom of the stable as soon as she met him. The man later turned out to be a drunkard and gambler. Due to drinking and gambling he emptied everything she had. The mother died during giving birth to him. The father continued his misdeed, which at last resulted into the complete destruction of house. Because of fear-the fear of his son becoming greater than him, he didn’t send him to school. When he was sixteen, his father burnt down the house. This situation creates anger in the boy. As a result the old man got killed with a knife. The boy then became a peddler. The old man tells his bastard son that the night is the anniversary of mother’s wedding. As he ﬁnishes telling his son about the past, a shadow appears to which the man can only see. A little later her husband also appears, and they both proceed towards room. The old man objects to the way they go inside. After the incident is over the boy talks about property he has acquired. The bastard son demands for his share in property of his father, which is denied by him. I arises anger in him. As a result he takes moneybag from his father. A quarrel starts between them; the boy gets killed at last with the knife of the old man. The old man, after it, addresses his mother and claims that he has ended the consequences. He hopes that the soul of m⇨other would be puriﬁed.

Q.①. What is the central idea of the play?

⇨In this supernatural play, W. B. yeast has expressed his faith on the existence of any supernatural power and life after death. Purgatory is a mythical place the soul of a dead man is puriﬁed from his sin to send towards heaven. In Roman Catholic Christianity, when a man dies he goes either to heaven or to hell according to his deeds. If he has done neither good nor bad work, his soul goes to purgatory. It remains as a ghost there until it wouldn’t be puriﬁed after punishment. The soul remains in the purgatory until the cycle of crime wouldn’t be stopped in the family.

Q.②. Why does the old man killed his son? / Why is the old man’s motive in murdering the boy?

⇨ The old man killed his son to stop the cycle of crime. If he wouldn’t kill his son the cycle of crime wouldn’t be stopped. The boy would surely kill the old man and the cycle of crime would be continued. The boy had threatened him that he would kill the old man because he didn’t have given him property and education. The boy’s son would kill him later and the ghosts of his parents would not get salvation. His soul would remain in purgatory as the ghost of his parents. So to stop the cycle of crime, the old man killed his son.

Q.③. “We are always punished for our sins.” Elaborate this statement.

⇨The statement ‘We are always punished for our sins” extracted from Purgatory by W. B. Yeats expresses that any person will be ultimately punished for his/her bad and criminal activities. It means all sinners must be punished and punishment is necessary for all defaulters. Yeats makes the speaker say this so to strengthen his idea about punishment and sinners. It is obviously a spiritual and religious expression towards the bad or sinful works and punishment from god. The speaker accepts the reality that every sinner deserves to be punished. God is not blind to punish everybody randomly. He punished only those who commit sins. It gives also idea that no one should make sins or mistakes. God discriminately punishes the sinners. No sinner is excused in his/her life. That’s why, every spiritual factor of religious belief inspires people to remain sacred and mistake less. And every sinner must be ready to accept any kind of punishment.

Two Long term Problems: Too Many People, Too Few Trees

-Moti Nissani

Moti Nissani says that the two long term problems are the problems of and deforestation. At the present time these problems have become the great challenge to the whole humanity. Now, the population of the world is increasing rapidly due to the nutrition, modern medicine, lower death rate, modernization and sanitation. Every year, in fact, the world’s population grows by more than 80 million people. In every one hour 10,000 people are added to our total population. More people will need more food. To produce more food, we have to cut down the trees. Both town and villages will be over crowed and the quality of life will fall down. The land, water and air will be polluted. The environment will be polluted. At the present time, due to the over population humans have been facing different kinds of diseases like cancer, asthma, hearing loss problem, contract epidemics and so many others. On the other hand, due to deforestation the world is loosing creatures such as salamanders, species of frogs, penguins, dodo etc. Similarly, the deforestation will bring the frightening problems as desertiﬁcation, depletion of nonrenewable resources (eg: petrol, natural gas, helium), acid rain, loss of wild species and plant, ozone layer depletion and green house effects.

Moti Nissani brings the issue of 1500 world’s scientists’ World’s Scientists Warning to Humanity and the joint statement of U.S. National Academy and Royal Society of London regarding the condition of the present world. They are worried about the present condition of the world. According to the essay, Moti Nissani says that growth rate of population of Nepal is 2.5% because the average Nepali women gives birth to 5 children. In 1951 the population of Nepal was 9 million but less than a half century later the population rose to 21 millions. If this rate is not checked, the total population of Nepal will be doubled in just 28 years. With the overpopulation, Nepal has to face all kinds of problems. Therefore, the future of Nepal seems to be very dark if the population is not controlled in time.

However, there are many remedies to solve these long term problems. We can save our forests by controlling the population and our appetite. Each person should be conscious about the environmental and ecological change. The people should be given education on deforestation and overpopulation. The government should invests lot of money for effective family planning to control the over population. There should be media campaigns to create awareness about the effects of overpopulation and deforestation. The conserver should be awarded. There should be greater efﬁciency in the use of wood – products and recycling. Reforestation and massive tree plantation can be done in the bare lands. People should smokeless Chulo that needs less ﬁre woods. Moreover, Nissani states that we have to be conscious ourselves. He says that we know how and why to control overpopulation and deforestation but still we are lacking this knowledge to convert in to the reality.

Q.①.Is there anything you can do to help save Nepal’s remaining forest?

⇨ Yes, we can do many things to save remaining forest of Nepal. At ﬁrst people should be aware about the problems of deforestation and overpopulations. We should educate them about the importance of forest. Government should bring such program for the people. We should prevent over timber factories and control over paper factories. We can use hydro-electricity as fuel instead of ﬁrewood. We can start reforestation on the bare hills and where the trees have been cut down. People should smokeless Chulo that needs less ﬁre woods. Moreover, Nissani states that we have to be conscious ourselves. He says that we know how and why to control overpopulation and deforestation buⓣ still we are lacking this knowledge to convert in to the reality.

Q.②.What main problems does the writer discuss in his essay? Or What remedial measures does the writer suggest to overcome them?

⇨The writer discusses about overpopulation and deforestation with their severe consequences in the essay, Two Long Term Problems: Too Many People, Too Few Trees. The writer suggested overcoming them. However the situation could be in improving controlling population and pollution, many factors such as modernization, effective family planning measures equal economic, educational and legal opportunities to woman will help to control the rapid population growth. In order to set this world for our future generation, we must save forest by reducing population pressure on it through effective family planning measures and educating people. We may also save the forest by making effective and strict laws with a provision to impose high tax on wood product and provision of incentive for pressuring forest. There should be a provision in the law to punish severely for destroying forest. Massive reforestation, another effective step will beneﬁt the world in conserving biodiversity, pristine wildness and to minimize desertiﬁcation, ﬂood and weather extremes. By controlling population and saving forest, we may solve this planet for our future generation utilizing our knowledge to convert our wisdom, courage and passion into practice to turn this world into a heaven.

Q.3.What is wrong in Nissani’s view with treeless in Nepal?Or According to the writer, what’s wrong with treeless in Nepal?

⇨The writer expresses his concern about deforestation crisis in Nepal. Showing devastating effecting of deforestation in Nepal, the writer makes us conscious about the importance of preservation of forest. According to him, destruction of forest in Nepal will cause soil erosion in every rainfall. The eroded soil will be deposited in the rivers making them shallow and gradually causing siltation of rivers and dams. After the deforestation, every heavy rainfall is likely to cause devastating ﬂood in plains of Nepal, India and Bangladesh. The destruction of forest in turn contributes to greenhouse effect irresponsible (that can’t be repair) loss of many thousands species of animals and plants, landslides, draught and weather extremes. Therefore, besides causing serious ﬂood in Nepal, India and Bangladesh deforestation in Nepal in the long run will also damage the quality of life and the ability of Biosphere to sustain life.

Hurried trip to avoid a Bad star

➢M. Lilla and C. Bishop Barry

summery:

This essay is written by two American geographer lilla and Barry bishop. After staying in Jumla for 15 months they were going to Nepalgunj to study how the roadless Karnali zone is economically linked to low land terai or nepalgunj.The people of Karnali zone depend economically upon the lowland regions to the south, especially Nepalgunj. Most of the people are farmers. But their farm product is not sufﬁcient to them because it can’t support them. So they have to sell and buy things for their day to day livelihood. According to the writers, the people of Karnali carry different local products such as herbs, sweaters, baskets, blankets and so on to Nepalgunj to sell them there. Some people take Silajit with them and sell it Nepalgunj. After selling their products, they return with cotton cloths, jewelry, pots, and spice and distillery equipment to Karnali. Some people go to the lowland regions to get government and private jobs. However, mostly people are uneducated and superstitious. People of Karnali, moreover, combine their farming with trading. They have been struggling for their livelihood.

People of Karnali are conservative and they follow the good star when they leave their homes. Similarly, they are not aware of ecological and environmental degradation. The skeletal looking SAL trees indicate about the exploitation of nature. It shows that they are indifferently cutting down the trees and they are not worried about the jungle and their own future. They are only solving the present problem. It seems that they are not conscious of their future. They don’t know the fatal consequences of the degradation of nature. Actually they are hopeless because they must solve their present problem.

Q.1.How is Karnali linked economically with the low land regions to the south?

➭ Geographically, Karnali lies to the northern part of our kingdom. As it is made up of very sloppy hills, there are many problems. People do not have transportation and other facilities for their better survival. There is no sufﬁcient cultivable land. So, they have to depend on the lowland regions to the south.

People of karnali cannot sell their products in their localities. To sell their items like medicinal herbs, silajit, hashish, hand-knit sweaters and blankets, they have to go to Nepalgunj. Similarly, they cannot buy goods in their places. For this purpose also, they have to depend upon lowland regions. People of Karnali have to depend upon lowland region for their jobs also. Being undeveloped part, it does not have factories. To earn livelihood, young people have no better options than leaving their places and working in the lowland region.

Q.2. What did the two writers learn about the life and culture of the people of the Karnali region during their journey on foot?

⇨‘Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star” is written by American geographers M. Lilla and C. Bishop Barry. Their essay presents social, economic and educational aspects of Karnali region. To present these aspects, they have brought four events in the text- their meeting with a chhetri woman and the people processing silajit, and their encounter cutting down trees and the people of Karnali buying and selling things. The two writers learnt that the people of Karnali are innocent, simple, laborious and uneducated. Their world is narrow and limited. The Chhetri woman asks the travelers to ﬁnd her husband and send him to the village. They live in geographically difﬁcult part completely depending on their own or animal strength. They are ignorant about soil erosion and deforestation. Not only that, alcohol consumption in Karnali region is high because one of the porters buys distillery equipments in the bazaar of Nepalgunj. He hopes that he would sell liqueur and earn enough money to buy goods in Karnali.

Q.3.Give a short account of the life of the people of Karnali.

Life of the People of Karnali

Karnali zone is the remotest part of Nepal. Some districts of the zone are still roadless or they are not linked by the motorway. Even the Surkhet-Jumla highway is not permanent for all seasons. The airway is too expensive but there are not airports in every district. So the people of Karnali are compelled to carry things on their back and they are compelled to use sheep, mules and yaks as the means of transportation. They carry to sell their herbal medicine to Nepalgunj and other part of Nepal. They bring to sell hashes, hand-knit sweaters, blankets, silajit, ysrshajumba etc to Nepalgunj. They carry back the things of their daily needs like cotton clothes, metal pot, match box, spices, shoes. Their life is full of struggles and difﬁculties.

The people of Karnali are very innocent. They are less educated and they still believe on good and bad star time. They believe on their tradition and they don’t have the facilities of health and education. The land is not fertile there. So they depend on terai for food. They keep their sheep and goats with them as their business. Some people come to terai and some of them go to Kalapahad for work. They are not aware about the environmental destruction. But they are very helpful and kind people. The have harder life there to stay.

I Have a Dream

➢Martin Luther King.Jr

ⓢⓤⓜⓜⓔⓡⓨ :

“I have a dream” is a political speech made by Martin Luther king. jr. after the independence of black people. Martin Luther forwards the history of America, the problems faced by black people, suggestions to his followers, warning to the government and his wishes. He describes apartheid (discrimination on the basis of color) as the extreme point of human cruelty, and demands for its end.

America was the colony of Great Britain before 1776. When it was declared independent, both black and white people had expected for their freedom and happiness. As expected, white people got access over then whereas black people didn’t. They were discriminated and pushed to slums. They were not allowed to travel by any vehicle. Indeed, they had to spend the life of great difﬁculty. This condition created dissatisfaction among the blacks and they wanted to get civil rights. Martin Luther’s speech also represents this sentiment and problems faced by black people.

The Blacks, like the whites, had expected that their situation would change after independence of America. But it did not happen. Even after the independence, the hope of black people was not materialized, they got neither freedom nor happiness. “The cheque” given to black people was not cashed; it was returned back with the mark insufﬁcient fund, so their condition remained the same. They were not allowed to travel by public vehicle; they were not allowed shelter in any motels; indeed they were not given any rights.

The blacks, likes the whites had expected that their situation would change after independence of American. But it did not happen even after the independence. The hope of black people was not materialized. They got neither freedom nor happiness. “The cheque” given to black people was not cashed; it was returned black with the mark insufﬁcient fund so their condition remained the same they were not allowed to travel by any public vehicle; they were not allowed shelter in any motels; indeed they were not given any right.

The present time, according to Martin Luther is the time to rise from the path of segr egation to the path of racial justice. As it is the demand of time, no one should try to block the revolt of the blacks for their rights. The revolt would continue unless and until the demands are fulﬁlled. However, he advises that any means of violence should not be applied. He advised his followers to follow the path of non- violence. He further advised them to use their strength in creative works.

He aThe present time, according to Martin Luther is the time to rise from the path of segr egation to the path of racial justice. As it is the demand of time, no one should try to block the revolt of the blacks for their rights. The revolt would continue unless and until the demands are fulﬁlled. However, he advises that any means of violence should not be applied. He advised his followers to follow the path of non- violence. He further advised them to use their strength in creative works. Warning to the government and his wishes

He advises his followers to follow on the path of peace. At the same time, he warns the government that there would not be peace if laws are not practiced accordingly, their movement would shake the foundation of the nation; he wishes for the end of apartheid. He desires for the oasis of freedom in place of bondage. He dreams that the children would not be judged on the basis of their color rather they would be judged on the basis of their intelligence. More over, he wishes for the prosperity of both black and white for the prosperity of nation.

Some of the dreams made by Jr. Martin Luther King in his speech “I HAVE A DREAM”:

➩He had a dream that one day his nation will rise up and live out with the true meaning of its creed holding the equality of all people living in U.S.

➭ He had a dream that one day on the hills of Georgia the sons of farmer, slaves(Blacks) and the sons of former slave owners (Whites) will be able to sit together at the table of brotherhood.

⇨ He had a dream that any children of any color will not be judged on the basis of their color of their skin but by their content or the caliber.

⇨He had a dream that every individual will get equal voting rights including their citizenship rights equally in every States.

➭He had a dream that none of the Americans will be judged just by staying in the Ghettos or skyscrapers.

➭ He had a dream that any state of U.S will be beyond injustice and oppression but will be transformed into an Oasis of freedom and justice.

⇨He had dream that all above situations will be favorable and realistic where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and work together as sister and brothers.

Q.1.What is the real dream of Martin Luther King about the future of America?

⇨In this speech, M. L. King has the vision of equality and justice. He wants a new America in its social makeup, establish symphony of brotherhood among blacks and whites, and eradicate the discriminatory treatment of black Americans. His dream is deeply rooted in the American dream of ‘life, liberty and pursuit of happiness’. He dreams that one day blacks and whites will stay in the USA as like brother and sister, For the development of America the must be united.

Q.2 What is Martin Luther complaining about?

⇨ In this Speech M.L. King is complaining about the exploitation and discrimination over blacks in the USA. He complains that though the constitution of the USA has given equal rights for both races bur the blacks were not free in society. Freedom was only on the pages of constitutions but not on practice. The police were torturing the blacks without reasons. The hotels had the boards only for whites. Blacks were taken not as man but as animals. So he is complaining for real freedom in the USA.

Q.3. What is the dream Martin Luther King, Jr. has? How is he going to achieve it?

⇨Martin Luther King, a black civil right campaigner, delivered an unforgettable speech ” I Have a Dream” on August 28, 1963 commemorating the centennial of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. In this speech he presses for equal treatment and improved circumstances for blacks, and stresses on the necessity of eradicating institutional racial inequalities. King expresses sharp dissatisfaction over segregation and racial discrimination. He demands a fast end to racial discrimination, pledging his followers to a ﬁght to the ﬁnish to wipe out all forms of segregation and to achieve equality and integration. However, he is in favour of creative and disciplined protest without physical violence. In his speech he even appeals the Whites to join hands with Blacks in order to revolt against discriminatory

Q.4.What is the real dream of Martin Luther King about the future of America?

Q.5. What is Martin Luther complaining about?

Q.6. What is the dream Martin Luther King, Jr. has? How is he going to achieve it?

➭Martin Luther King, a black civil right campaigner, delivered an unforgettable speech ” I Have a Dream” on August 28, 1963 commemorating the centennial of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. In this speech he presses for equal treatment and improved circumstances for blacks, and stresses on the necessity of eradicating institutional racial inequalities. King expresses sharp dissatisfaction over segregation and racial discrimination. He demands a fast end to racial discrimination, pledging his followers to a ﬁght to the ﬁnish to wipe out all forms of segregation and to achieve equality and integration. However, he is in favour of creative and disciplined protest without physical violence. In his speech he even appeals the Whites to join hands with Blacks in order to revolt against discriminatory.practices against Blacks. He does not show hatred against Whites, he is against color discrimination and racial prejudice.

He is a dreamer with the vision of equality and justice. He wants a new America in its social makeup, establish symphony of brotherhood among blacks and whites, and eradicate the discriminatory treatment of black Americans. His dream is deeply rooted in the American dream of ‘life, liberty and pursuit of happiness’.He voices that even after hundred years of passing of Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln, America stands as the hell to the blacks. Blacks are exiled in their own country and live in poverty in the vast ocean of material prosperity.He also mentions the words of the Constitution and Declaration of Independence which guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. But these magniﬁcent words were not applied into practice in case of colored citizens. He demands the riches of freedom, security of justice, and citizenship rights to the blacks. He argues that the policy of gradualism in the matter of justice will raise discontent among blacks.

Meaning into words class 12 notes (work book)

Work Book
Unit: 1

Unit 1 Experience

■LISTING EXPERIENCES AND ACHIEVEMENTS

Develop the notes below into short paragraphs, listing each person’s experiences and achievements, Begin with the sentences given.

1. Brenda Gibbons is just the right person for the job.

He has taught science at university. He has worked as an industrial chemist for 5 years and has written two books on oil, which are quite considerable. He has had an experience on North Sea oilrig. He was lecturer on energy at Cambridge University in 1980.

2. The new party leader, Andrew Fife, is a man of wide and varied experience. He has worked both as a journalist and as economist. He has been minister in two

governments. He has worked as the Chancellor of the Exchequer for four year (from 1974-1978). He had a worldwide travel and he had visited the many heads of state. He has gained good knowledge of variety of customs and behavior of different people and places.

3. At 60, Brian considers that he has not had a very exciting life so far. He has worked for the same job for 30 years. He has never moved from house. He has been living there since his birthday. He has gone abroad once in a day trip. He went to Calais 1965. He has been to London for three times but has never visited the right-club.

ASKING ABOUT EXPERIENCES

Look at the example, and write similar conversations between A and B. B must give brief details about his/her experience.

1. fine/ for a parking offence? (speeding)

A. Have you ever been fined for a parking offence?

B. No I haven’t, but I have been fined for speeding. They caught me doing 85

mph on the motorway.

2. Steal/ wallet? (umbrella)

A. Have you ever had stolen a wallet?

B. No I haven’t, but I have stolen an umbrella. I stole it from department store.

3. Trap/ in a lift? (toilet)

A. Have you ever trapped in a lift?

B. No I haven’t, but I have been trapped in a toile by unknown people.

4. X-ray/chest? (teeth)

A. Have you ever had your chest X-rayed?

B. No I haven’t, but I have had my teeth x-rayed last month. I had a serious

toothache.

5. throw / out of class? (library)

A. Have you ever been thrown out of the class?

B. No I haven’t, but I have been thrown out of library when I was fighting with

my friend.

6. Mistake/ for a rock star? (TV actor/actress)

A. Have you ever been mistaken for a star?

B. No I haven’t, but I have been mistaken for a Tv star. When I went to

Newroad for shopping, a yong lady ran after me asking for my autograph.

SUPERLATIVES

Look at the example, and write about the other topics in the same way.

1. mean people

The meanest person I’ve ever met was Jack Davies. He used to walk everywhere rather than pay for the bus.

2. frightening experiences

The most frightening experiences I’ve ever had was when I was fallen from the wall of

our campus, My 7th & 11th ribs were broken and I found it difficult to move about.

3. stupid mistakes

The most stupid mistake I’ve ever made was getting marriage in my early twenties. It was difficult for me to maintain the house without job.

4. Uncomfortable beds

The most uncomfortable bed I’ve ever had was in a remote village during my official trip. When I woke up in the morning I felt difficult to move my body.

5. Boring jobs

The most boring job I have ever done was teaching, I shouted but students didn’t

follow me for hours and I found difficult to handle the children.

6. Funny films

The funniest film I’ve ever seen was “Hangama” I saw it 5 times and it was so funny that I used to laugh a lot when I remembered the comedy scenes.

HOW MANY TIMES?

Express each of the sentences below in two other ways.

1. I’ve only visited Britain once before.

This is only my second visit to Britain

This is only the second time I’ve visited Britain.

2. This is my first night in a 5-star hotel.

I’ve never slept in a 5-star hotel before.

This is the first time I’ve ever slept in a 5-star hotel

3. This is his third stretch in prison.

This is only his second stretch in prison.This is the third time he has been imprisoned. He has been imprisoned twice before.

4. This is the first time I’ve worked in travel agent’s.

I’ve never worked in a travel agency before.

This is my first job in a travel agency.

5. I’ve flown in Concorde four times before.

This is the fifth time I have ever flown in Concorde.

This is my fifth flight in Concorde.

6. This is only my third attack of flu.

I’ve attacked of flu two times before.

This is the third time I’ve been attacked by flu.

“Be used” (Page 7)

Continue the remarks below with a sentence using (not) used to. Structure:

Sub + is/am/are +( not )+ used to +V4 + Obj
1. The trafﬁc doesn’t wake him up at night.
-He is used to sleeping in the street.

2. He is going to ﬁnd it hard work working on a building site.
– He isn’t used to working on a building site.

3. She is quite surprised when I gave her some ﬂowers.
-She is not used to receiving ﬂowers from others.

4. He won’t mind if you stare at him. – He is used to being stared at.

5. I get a bit lonely sometimes, now that she has gone.
-I am not used to living alone.

6. It is quite hard work doing all my own washing and cleaning.
-I am not used to washing and cleaning.

7. I don’t think she’s ever opened a door herself.
– She is used to asking others to open her door.

8. You can bring as many friends as you like home to dinner.
– We are used to enjoying with the guests.

9. I’m not surprised he is out of breath. – He is not used to running.

10. Ooh dear. I’ve got a stomach-ache. – I’m not used to having oily food.

UNIT:2

UNIT-2 IDENTIFYING WITH LIKE’

Continue the following remarks with look, sound smell, feel or taste, + like.

Example: Surely he’s not a manual worker. . . .

He looks like a businessman to me.

1. Are you sure this is tea?

It tastes like a coffee to me.

2. I wonder who wrote that music

It sounds like Krishna Hari Baral’s to me.

3. He’s got a foreign accent

He sounds like a foreigner to me.

4. This material’s very soft

It feels like fibre clothe to me.

5. What’s that you’re cooking?

It smells like meat to me.

6. They’ve got very similar faces.

They look like twins to me.

7. This isn’t real leather, is it. . .?

It looks like synthetic leather to me.

8. I’ve got something in my shoe. . . .

It feels like pebble to me.

9. I don’t think you made this cake yourself. . . .

It tastes like the bakers to me.

IMPRESSIONS: SEEM

The police have found a man unconscious. They don’t know who he is, but they have some ideas about him. From the evidence below, say what impressions the police have about the man, using seem.He’s blond, and his clothes have Swedish labels. He’s well dressed, and is wearing an expensive ring, He has nicotine stains on his fingers, and some old scars on his face. He’s well built, and his hands are very rough, He has a used plane ticket from Amsterdam in his pocket, dated four days ago. He was found in the middle of a park, with a nasty wound at the back of his head.

1. He seems to be heavy smoker.

2. He doesn’t seem to have been robbed.

3. He seems to be hit with a heavy rod on the back of his head.

4. He seems to be wounded.

5. He seems to have lot of enemies.

6. He seems to have come from Amsterdam

7. He seems to be wearing an expensive ring.

8. He seems to have been a rich person.

9. He seems to have been travelling a lot.

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

Look in a mirror, and write a description of yourself, Talk briefly about your height, weight and build, and describe your face in detail.

I am in my middle twenties. I’m five feet five inches tall. My weight is 56 Kg. I have got lovely straight blonde hair. I’m slim and a slightly built. I have small dark eyes and a fair complexion. I have got an oval face. I have got thin eyebrows, straight nose full lips and double chin. I have got oily face. Because of that I have some pimples in my face.

Unit 3

3. Previous Events (page: 13)

Complete the following sentences using the past perfect tense.

Rule:I + had + V3
1. I apologized to him for all the inconvenience I had caused.

2. I took back to the library all the books I had borrowed.

3. I was thoroughly ashamed of the stupid mistake I had committed.

4. On the application form I had to list all the schools I had studied.

5. I couldn’t decide weather to apply for the job I had wanted.

6. He couldn’t pay back the money I had lent.

7. I complained to the examiner about the mark I had scored.

8. I wanted to show her the present I had boughtbought

9. I threw away the pieces of the vase I had broken.

PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES

Add three sentences about the following people, explaining what they had possibly been doing

structure: subtract been+v+ing

1. Jack’s eyes were all red

a. He’d been peeling onions.

b. He’d been watching TV for ten hours.

c. He’d been reading for the whole night

2. Angela was out of breath

a. She’d been running for an hours

b. She’d been hungry for at 3 days.

c. She’d been exercising for the whole morning

3. Peter was covered in dirt

a. He’d been sweeping the whole house.

b. He’d been working in the wheat mill .

c. He’d been working in a muddy path.

4. Sheila felt very cold … .

a. She’d been walking in rain.

b. She’d been suffering from fever.

c. She’d been climbing the mountain.

5. Michael could not stand up straight. . .

a. He’d been suffering from stomach ache.

b. He’d not been eating anything since yesterday.

c. He’d been exercising a lot in the gym.

Q. Join the following sentences together using s non-deﬁning relative clause.

1. Finally Brown (Willis had sharing an ofﬁce with him) decided to retire.
– Finally brown, with whom Willis had been sharing an ofﬁce, decided to retire.

2. Mrs. Aldrich (she was married with two children) never recovered consciousness.
-Mrs. Aldrich, who was married with two children, never recovered consciousness.

3. The old house 9the family had lived in it for 300 years) was ﬁnally sold.
W-The old house, in which the family had lived for 300 years, was ﬁnally sold.

4. Mary noticed that he was wearing her ring (she had lost it ﬁve years before).
– Mary noticed that he was wearing her ring which she had lost ﬁve years before.

5. Nobody liked the eldest son (Old lord Banbury had left all his money to him).
– Nobody liked the eldest son to whom Old lord Banbury had left all his money.

6. He proudly showed me round his house (he had paid £100000 for it).
-He proudly showed me round his house for which he had paid £100000.

7. He became quite fond of Brixton prison (he had spent so much of his life there).
– He became quite fond of Brixton prison where he had spent so much of his life.

8. Harold (she had always been in love with him) ﬁnally asked her to marry him).
-Harold, with whom she had always been in love, ﬁnally asked her to marry him.

9. Godfrey (his parents had been in the theatre) decided to become an actor himself.
-Godfrey, whose parents had been in the theatre, decided to become an actor himself.

10. In 1948 (he was still a student then) he joined the Conservative Party.
-In 1948, when he was still a student, he joined the Conservative Party

Unit: 4

IF THERE’S ONE THING

What might Colin say in the situations below? Begin ‘If there’s one thing.

1. Someone’s singing in the bath. It’s getting on Colin’s nerves.

-If there’s one thing that gets on my nerves, it’s people who sing in the bath.

2. Someone’s laughing at Colin. It’s infuriating him

-If there’s one thing that infuriates me, its people who laugh at me.

3. Someone’s taken Colin’s pen without asking. He’s angry.

-If there’s one thing that makes me angry, it’s people who take my pen without

asking.

4. It’s after midnight, and the people next door are playing loud music, Colin objects to it.

-If there’s one thing that makes me to object me, it’s people playing loud music next;door after midnight.

5. Someone’s just spat in the street. Colin is offended.

-If there’s one thing that makes me to offend , its people spatting in the street.

-Colin’s just seen someone with purple and green hair. He can’t stand this.

-If there’s one thing that can’t stand me, it’s people who see someone with purple and green hair.

THE WAY

Write three sentences showing your attitude to each of the following, using the way

1. sports commentators

a. I like the way sports commentators give you the players’ background.

(like)

b. One thing that annoys me about them is the way they shout too

much (annoy)

c. What I can’t stand about them is the way (can’t stand)

2. Parents

a. I dislike the way they object to my decisions.

b. One thing that I appreciate about them is the way that they care me.

c. What makes me upset about them is the way they change the decision

towards us (upset)

3. shopkeepers

a. I dislike the way the shopkeepers try to cheat us.

b. One things I like about them is the way they motivate us (like)

c. What makes me irritate about them is the way they force to buy something

(irritate)

4. Cats

a. I love the way they walk (love)

b. One thing I get interested about them is the way jump from one place to

another, (interest)

c. What I hate about them is the way they look, (hate)

who doubts what you will tell him.

Character Deﬁnitions (page: 19)

1. A considerate person
– A considerate person is someone who is careful not to hurt your feelings.

2. An unreliable person
-An unreliable person is someone who lets people down.

3. A Stingy person
– A Stingy person is someone who does not buy you drinks.

4. A thick-skinned person
– A thick-skinned person is someone who takes no care of how of other people criticize him.

5. A vain person
-A vain person is someone who has a high opinion of himself.

6. A skeptical person
-A skeptical person is someone who always doubts what you tell him.

7. An optimistic person
-An optimistic person is someone who
expects only good things to happen.

8. A pessimist person
– A pessimist person is someone who expects bad things to happen.

9. A generous person
-A generous person is someone who gives away lots of money.

10. Reliable Person
– A reliable person is someone who does not let people down.

11. Modest person
-A modest person is someone who doesn’t boast.

Unit: 5

How long?

Ask these people questions with How long ? Write their answers using the words in brackets.

1. Tim telephoned his father this morning, (five minutes)

you: How long did you speak to him for?

Tim: I spoke to him for about five minutes.

2. Jane wrote an essay last night, (two hours)

you: How long did you spend to write essay ?

Jane: I spent two hours to write an essay last night

3. Tony plays golf, (four years)

you: How long will you play golf?

Tony: I will play golf for four years.

4. William doesn’t play the guitar anymore, (two years)

You: How long did you play the guitar?

William: I played guitar for two years.

5. Cindy is going away on holiday tomorrow, (three weeks)

You: How long are you going away on holiday?

Cindy: I will be away on holiday for three weeks .

6. Eleanor regularly files to America, (seven hours)

You: How long does it take to fly to America.

Elenor: It takes seven hours to fly to America.

7. Cyril slept well last night, (ten hours)

you: How long did you sleep last night?

Cyril: I slept for ten hours last night.

8. Liza has a cold, (three days)

you: How long have you had a cold?

Liza: I have had a cold for three days.

9. Mandy is going to drive to the coast this afternoon, (two-hour)

you: How long are you going to the coast this afternoon?

Mandy I am going to drive for 2 hours this afternoon.

10. John doesn’t live in England any more, (six months)

You: How long did you live in England?

John: I lived in England for six months

Time Expressions (page: 22)

Fill in the sentences below with for, in, until, by. Rule:
1. Activities:
If the action is not complete and the actor could not show his achievement, that is activity.
Prepositions:
💕Period of time = for
💕Point of time = until

2. Achievement:
If the action is complete and the actor could show his/her achievement what he/she had done, that is achievement.
Prepositions:
Period of time = in
Point of time = by

1. She studied medicine by the age of 25.
2. They got the lunch ready by 12: 30.
3. He learnt to swim in six week.
4. They lived in New Castel until 1973.
5. My father ran a bookshop for two years.
6. We did all our housework in a couple of hours.
7. We did some housework for a couple of hours.
8. I ﬁnished my homework by
suppertime.
9. We discussed politics until three in the morning.
10. They reached the top of the mountain in four hours.
11. I borrowed my neighbor’s power drill for a few days.
12. He got all the letters typed by four o’clock.
13. The concert was over by half past nine.
14. He saved up £200 by Easter.
15. I studied French for ﬁve years.
16. She became a qualiﬁed physiotherapist in twelve months.
17. I dug the garden in a couple of hours.
18. He stayed in bed until lunchtime.

GETTING DELAYED

Continue the following in two ways:

a. using didn’t. . . .for/till

b. using was before

1. They were sure they would find the oasis in a few hours (six days)

a. but they didn’t find it for six days.

b. but it was six days before they found it .

2. I was sure I’d finish the crossword in a few minutes (more than half an hour)

a. but I didn’t finish it for more than half an hour

b. but it was more than half an hour before I finished

3. His parents expected him to marry young (48)

a. but they didn’t marry till 48.

b. but he was 48 before he married

4. I meant tomorrow the lawn during the weekend (mid-week)

a. but I didn’t know the lawn till mid-week.

b. but it was mid-week before I mowed the lawn.

5. She thought she would go back home before long (several years)

a. but she didn’t go back home for several years.

b. but it was several years before she would go back home.

6.Everyone expected the war to be over in a few days (almost a year)

a. but it didn’t be over for almost a year

b. but it almost a year before it was over.

Unit: 6
Reporting

Q. Report the following remarks, beginning He told me….

1. My father is ill.
-He told me his father was ill.

2. I will tell her when I see her.
-He told me he would tell her when he saw her.

3. I have been sleeping very badly.
-He told me he had been sleeping very badly.

4. If they are waiting for you, you ought to go.
-He told me if they were waiting for me I ought to go.

5. The price of petrol’s going to go up.
-He told me the price of petrol was going to go up.

6. I’m sure she won’t mind if you use the phone.
-He told me he was sure she wouldn’t mind if I used the phone.

7. I wasn’t invited to the wedding.
-He said that he hadn’t been invited to the wedding.

8. I have had my car serviced.
-He told me he had had his car serviced.

9. I’m reading that book you lent me.
-He told me he was reading that book I had lent him.

10. They don’t play as much tennis as they used to.
-He told me they didn’t play as much tennis as they used to.

11. Since they have already got one, there is no point in giving them one.
-He told me since they had already got one; there was no point in giving them one.

12. You look as if you haven’t eaten for weeks.
-He told me I looked as if I hadn’t eaten for weeks.

for weeks.

REPORTING VERBS: FACTS

Report each conversation below in two sentences, using the verbs in brackets.

1. Smith: It was you who stole the car, wasn’t it ?

Brown: Nonsense. Of course I didn’t.

a. Smith accused Brown of stealing the car (accuse)

b. Brown denied that he had not stolen the car (deny)

2. Smith: But your fingerprints were found all over it.

Brown: I’m innocent, I tell you ! Innocent!

a. Smith pointed out that Brown’s finger prints had been found all over the

car. (printout)

b. Brown insisted that he was innocent, (insist)

3. Brown: The owner lent it to me.

Smith: If you keep on lying, you’ll be in trouble.

a. Brown claimed that the owner had lent it to him (claim)

b. Smith warned Brown he kept on lying he would be in trouble.

4. Brown: Well, all right, I took the car.

Smith: Look, if you tell us what happened, you won’t be prosecuted.

Brown : I had to take it, because someone was following me and use it to escape in.

a. Brown admitted that he had taken the car.(admit)

b. Smith assured him if he told them what had happened he wouldn’t be

prosecuted (assure)

c. Brown explained that he had had to take it because someone had been

following him and he had used that to escape in. (explain)

REPORTING VERBS:

INFLUENCING AND TAKING ACTION

choose one of the verbs in the list to report each of the remarks below.

promise advise suggest urge

threaten recommend insist beg

1. I can’t tell you how important it is for you to give up smoking.

He urged me to give up smoking.

2. You’ve got to lend me the money! Oh, please, Please!

He begged me to lend him the money.

3. Why don’t you paint the ceiling yellow?

He suggested me to paint the ceiling yellow

4. I’ll buy you an ice cream if you’re good

He promised me that he would buy / to buy me an ice cream.

5. You should spend a week in Scotland-it’s lovely.

He recommended me to spend a week in Scotland. It’s lovely

6. No, I’ve already told you-I’m going to pay.

He ring, is ted me to tell him, he was going to pay.

7. You really ought to have your roof repaired, you know.

He advised me to have my roof repaired .

8. I’ll report you to the police if you don’t do what I say.

He threatened me to report to police.

If I didn’t do what he said.

Q. Choose one of the verbs in the list to report each of the remarks below. Promise,advise ,suggest,urge threaten,recommend,insist,beg

1. I can’t tell you how important it is for you to give up smoking.
-He urged me to give up smoking.

2. You have got to lend me the money! Oh, please, please!
-He begged me to lend him the money.

3. Why don’t you paint the ceiling yellow?
º He suggested me to paint the ceiling yellow.

4. I’ll buy you an ice cream if you are good.
-He promised to buy me an ice cream if I was good.

5. You should spend a week in Scotland it is lovely.
– He recommended that I should spend a week in Scotland.

6. No, I have already told you – I’m going to pay.
-He insisted that he was going to pay.

7. You really ought to have your roof repaired, you know.
-He advised me to have my roof repaired.

8. I’ll report to the police if you don’t do what I say.
-He threatened to report me to the police if I didn’t do what he said.

Unit: 7
Q. Rewrite the sentences by, using must, can’t, may/might.

1. I’m sure they have arrived.
– They must have arrived.

2. I”M sure he is not having lunch having lunch.
– He can’t be having lunch.

3. Perhaps he didn’t hear you.
-He might not have heard you.

4. I’m sure it hasn’t been snowing.
-It can’t have been snowing.

5. Perhaps he wasn’t telling the truth.
-He might not have been telling the truth.

6. I’m sure you are exhausted.
-You must be exhausted.

7. May be he was delayed.
-He might have been delayed.

8. I’m convinced you haven’t forgotten my name.
-You can’t have forgotten my name.

9. I am sure I was dreaming.
-I must have been dreaming.

10. I’m sure you are imagining things.
-You must be imagining things.

11. It is possible that they are going away.
-They may be going away.

12. I’m sure they weren’t serious.
-They can’t have been serious.

13. Obviously he has been kidnapped.
R -He must have been kidnapped.

14. Perhaps she is going to ring.
-She may be going to ring.

15. I’m sure they weren’t informed.
-” They can’t have been informed.

CONCLUSIONS FROM EVIDENCE

Draw three different conclusions from each of the following pieces of evidence.-

1. There are five bottles of mils on their front door step.

a. They must have forgotten to cancel their milk deliveries before they went

away.

b. They can’t have woken up yet.

c. There must be some guests staying with them.

2. There are two large suitcases in her car.

a. someone must have forgotten to take two suitcases.

b. She must have bought a new one.

c. They can’t be of herself

d. She must be going to airport

3. I saw the wheelers coming out of the American Embassy this morning.

a. They must have brought in use the wheelers.

b. They wheelers can’t have been used before.

c. They must be bringing wheelers in use. can’t be

4. His name isn’t in the phone book.

a. I must have written his name in my notebook

b. I can’t have written in my other notebook.

c. It must be in my diary.

5. Her coat’s on the floor.

a. She must have forgotten to take it.

b. She can’t have left the flat

c. She must be somewhere else here.

Q. Explain the following deduction using if….sentence.
Rules:
1. If + simple present, + simple future
2. If + simple past, + Would + V1
3. If + past perfect, + would have + V3

1. He can’t be a soldier-he’s not wearing a uniform.
– If he was a soldier, he would be wearing a uniform.

2. There can’t be anyone at home – the car has gone.
-If there was anyone at home, the car wouldn’t have gone.

3. They must be having an argument – they have shut the door.
-If they were not having an argument, they wouldn’t have shut the door.

4. She can’t have been enjoying herself – she left early.
– If she had been enjoying herself, she wouldn’t have left early.

5. He must have been here recently – the kettle’s warm.
-If he had not been here recently, the kittle wouldn’t have been warm.

6. He can’t be working at the library – I haven’t seen him.
-If he was working in the library, I would have seen him there.

7. She must know English – she was listening to BBC.
-If she didn’t know English, she would not be listening the BBC.

8. They must have got lost – they’re not here yet.
– If they had not got lost, they would be here now.

Unit:8

Q. Rewrite the sentences about supermark ets below, beginning with the wor ds given.

Encourage,enable,allow, make it easier, discourage,save,force,make it more difﬁcult

1. People tend to buy more in supermarkets because of the open display.
~The open display encourages people to buy more.

2. People can also steal things more easily because of the open display.
~The open display makes it easier to the people to steal things.

3. There’s a wide range of goods, so you can do all your shopping in one place. – -The wide range of goods enables you to do all your shopping in one place.

4. Some supermarkets use cameras, so the people are less likely to steal things. -The use of cameras discourages people to steal things.

5. Must supermarkets have a car park next door, so costumers don’t have to carry their shopping a long way.
-Having a car park next door saves costumers from carrying their shopping a long way.

6. Supermarkets buy in bulk, so they can sell thins at cut prices.
-Buying in bulk allows them to sell things in cut prices.

7. Because supermarkets sell things at cut prices, smaller shops have to lower their prices too.
– The cut prices in supermarkets forces smaller shops to lower their prices too.

8. Because of the competition from supermarkets, it’s harder for smaller shops to stay in business.
-The competition from supermarkets makes it more difﬁcult for smaller shops to stay in business.

Positive and Negative Advice:

Complete the following sentences with: (a) there’s no point/it’s not worth (b) might as well.

1. Since they don’t appreciate good food anyway
a. there’s no point in cooking them anything special.
b. you might as well 1 heat up something out of a tin.

2. If the theater never fills up anyway
a. There is no point in booking the ticket in advance
b. You might as well buy a ticket in counter itself.

3. Since you’re only going to read the book once
a. it’s not worth in buying that book/it
b. You might as well take my book.

4. If they’re going to televise the match live
a. There is no point in going to stadium.
b. You might as well watch in TV.

5. Since everyone else will be wearing jeans
a. There is no point in wearing cotton suit.
b. You might as well take a paint of jean.

6. If you’re sure the police will find you anyway
a. There is no point in hiding in longer.
b. You might as well (go to him directly.) surrender yourself.

Unit: 9

CLARIFYING

INFORMATION QUESTIONS

Fill the gaps below with information questions.

1. A: What was the weather like?

B: It was cold and rather windy.

2. A: Which size of shoes do you take?

B: I take 36, actually. I’ve got rather small feet.

3. A : How many time do you brush?

B: Ooh after every meal, usually.

4. A: What have you got?

B: I’ve got a Labrador.

5. A: When are you going to set your hair

B: I’m going to have it shampooed and set.

6. A: Mr. Coombs left $20,000 when he died.

B: Really? Who did inherit it?

7. A: I only took one photo while I was in Rome.

B: Did you? Where did you take my photo ?

8. A Ow! think I’ve been stung.

B: Really ? Where were you?

9. I’ve managed to borrow that $ 100 I need.

B: Have you? Who has lent it?

10. A: I had a really strange dream last night.

B: Do you ? What did you see in the dream?

11. A: Sh! I’m listening to the Prime Minister on the radio.

B: Are you ? What is he saying?

Indirect questions:
What does he do for a living? I often wonder?
-I often wonder what he does for a living.

2. Does she like classical music? Can you remember?
-Can you remember whether she likes classical music?

3. Where are you going for your holidays? Have you decided yet?
-Have you decided yet where you are going for holidays?

4. Are you coming tomorrow? I need to know.
-I need to know whether you are coming tomorrow.

5. Did you ever ﬁnd your camera? I have been meaning to ask you.
-I have been meaning to ask you whether you ever found your found your camera.

6. What crime was he been charged with? Do you know?
– Do you know what crime he has been charged with.

7. Did he look angry? Did you notice?
-Did you notice if he had looked angry?

CHECKING UP

I. PRESENT TENSE IS IT?

II. PAST TENSE WAS IT?

III. Ask questions beginning Is/Was it ?, as in the examples.

1. Excuse me, sir. Did you order three steaks or four?

Excuse me, sir. Was it three or four steaks that you ordered?

2. Has your father been helping you with your homework? Or has your mother?

Is it your father or our mother who’s been helping you with your homework?

3. Do remind me- did we last meet in Paris or Madrid?

Do remind me-was it in Paris or Madrid that we last met.

4. I’ve completely forgotten-do we have to come early tomorrow or the day after?

Is it tomorrow or the day after that we have to come early?

5. He’s engaged to a Japanese girl, I thing, Or maybe she’s Chinese.

Is she Japanese or Chinese girl that the is engaged to ?

6. Do you grow flowers or vegetables in your garden?

Is it flowers or vegetable that you grow in your garden?

7. Did you want to speak to the manager or the assistant manager?

Was it manager or the assistant manager that you wanted to speak to ?

8. I can’t remember- are you going to London by bus or by train?

I can’t remember is it by bus or by train that you going to London?

9. Johns father own a garage, doesn’t he? Or am I thinking of Tony?

Is it John’s father or Tony’s who owns a garage?

10. Can you remind me-are the Spencers arriving on Saturday or Sunday?

Can you remind me- is it on Saturday or Sunday when the Spencers are arriving?

CORRECTING

Correct the statements below.

1. Charles Dickens was born in Stratford-on-Avon.

It wasn’t Charles Dickens who was born in Stratford-on-Avon. It was Shakespeare.

2. Doctors look after your teeth.

It isn’t a doctor who looks after you teeth. It is dentists.

3. Marco Polo discovered America.

It wasn’t Marco Polo who discovered America-It was Christopher Columbus.

4. The sun causes the tides.

It isn’t sun which causes the tide. It is moon.

5. Democracy started in Italy.

It wasn’t in Italy where democracy started. It was in Athens.

6. Agatha Christie wrote the James Bond stories.

It wasn’t Agatha Christie who wrote the James Bond stories . It was Ian Fleming .

7. India has the largest population in the world.

It isn’t India that has a largest population in the world. It is china.

8. Martin Luther king was assassinated in Dallas.

It wasn’t Martin Luther king who was assassinated in Dallas, It was John Kennedy.

UNIT:10

Q. Write three wishes for the following situations each:
1) would
2) could
3) past tense

1. You are in bed with ﬂue.
-If only my temperature would go down.
– I wish I could get up.
-I wish there wasn’t so much trafﬁc outside.

2. You are lost.
-If only I would get some friend.
-I wish I could inform my friend.
-I wish I was able to ﬁnd the way.

3. You are out of work.
-I wish I could get a job.
-If only I would start my business.
-I wish I had a lot of money.

4. You are trying to communicate with a foreigner who doesn’t speak your language.
– If only I would get interpreter.
-I wish I could express my ideas.
-I wish I was perfect in the new language.

5. You are in love.
-If only I could write a love poem.
-I wish she would live me.
-I wish I talked to her about dating.

ANTASIZING

Write short paragraphs beginning as follows:

1. It could have any job I wanted, I would be the greatest politician I would fight

against racial Prejudice and discrimination. I would sacrifice all the pleasures of my life for the achievement of love, unity and humanity. I would bring drastic change is the field of education.

2. If I had six months’ paid holiday, I would go to London. I would stand 1 an hour in London bridge .1 would go to backing ham palace. I would go to Hyde park to play hide and seek and then I would observed the rural areas of London.

3. If I only had three months to live, I would go back to my house. I would visit my friends and relatives I would go to Pokhara I would enjoy a lot. I would finish all my money.

4. If I was the Minister of Education, I would change the policy of education, I encourage people to establish different schools and universities. I would bring drastic change in curriculum.

COULD HAVE AND NEEDN’T HAVE

Add two sentences to the remarks below: (a) with could have (b) with needn’t have.

1. You didn’t tell me you could do electrical repairs.

⇰ You could have mended my radio for me.

➪ I needn’t have taken my radio to the shop to be repaired.

2. I wish I’d known their telephone had been repaired.

➭I could have telephoned them.

⇨I needn’t have sent them letter.

3. If only you’d told me you were ill.

⇨I could have taken you to hospital.

➭You needn’t have gone to hospital alone.

4. I didn’t realise I still had $10 in my pocket.

➭Icould have brought a packet of biscuits.

➭ I needn’t have borrowed money from my friends.

5. I didn’t know I was going to win all that money.

➭I! could have bought a car.

➭ I needn’t have worked on the road.

6. I had no idea it would be so warm here.

➭I could have bought cotton clothes

➭I needn’t have bought so many sweaters.

Unit:11

THE RIGHT ORDER

Write two sentences for each pair of events below, showing that the person did them in the right order.

1. read the instructions/ switch on the machine

➭ Very sensibly, he read the instructions before he switched on the machine.

➭Very sensibly, he didn’t switch on the machine until he’d read the instructions.

2. Measure the room/ order the carpet

➭ Very wisely, he measured the room before he ordered the carpet

➭Very wisely, he didn’t order the carpet until he had measured the room.

3. Check his answers/ leave the exam room

⇨Sensibly, he checked the answers before the left he exam room.

⇨Sensibly, he didn’t leave the exam room until he had checked the answer.

4. Have their hours decorated/ put it up for sale

➪Wisely, they had their house decorated before they put it up for sale.

➫Wisely, they didn’t put their house up for sale until they had had it decorated.

5. Turn of the electric blanket/ get into bed

➪Sensibly, he turned off the electric blanket before he got into bed.

➫Sensibly, he didn’t get into bed until he had turned off the electric blanket.

THE WRONG ORDER

Imagine the people in exercise 2 above did things in the wrong order, write two sentences for

each, showing what they did wrong.

1. a. Stupidly, he didn’t read the instructions before he switched on the machine,

b. Stupidly, he switched on the machine before he’d read the instructions.

2. a. Foolishly, he ordered the carpet before he had measured the room.

b. Foolishly, he didn’t measure the carpet before the ordered the blanket.

3. a, Very unwisely, he didn’t his answer before he left the exam room.

b. Very unwisely, he left the exam room before he had checked his answer.

4. a. Rather unwisely, they didn’t have their house decorated before they put it up for sale.

b. Rather unwisely, they put the house up for sale before they had had it decorated.

5. a. Very stupidly, he didn’t turn off the electric blanked before he got into bed.

c. Very stupidly, he got into bed before he had turned off the electric blanket.

Events in Rapid Succesion

Q. Write two sentences showing how the following pairs of events happened in rapid succession:
(a) using only just
(b) using no sooner

1. My grandfather retired / he had a heart attack
a) My grandfather had only just retired when he had a heart attack
b) No sooner had my grandfather retired than he had a heart attack.

2. The Wilkinsons went to bed / Mrs. Wilkinson heard a strange noise
a) The Wilkinsons had only just gone to bed when Mrs. Wilkinson heard a strange noise.
b) No sooner had the Wilkinsons gone to bed than Mrs. Wilkinson heard a strange noise.

3. The plane took off / three hijackers walked into the cabin.
a) The plane had only just taken off when three hijackers walked in the cabin.
b) No sooner had the plane taken off than three hijackers walked into the cabin.

4. I sat down to watch mu favourite program / some friends turned off.
a) I had only just sat down to watch my favourite programme when some friends turned off.
b) No sooner had I sat down to watch my favourite programme than some friends turned off.

5. The new exhibition hall was opened / it was destroyed by ﬁre.
a) The new exhibition hall had only just opened when it was destroyed by ﬁre.
b) No sooner had the new exhibition the new exhibition opened than it was destroyed by ﬁre.

Unit: 12

Q. Write comparative sentences based on the information below.

1. Car sales last year in Britain:
British Cars: 38% foreign cars: 62%
-Foreign cars are a lot more popular than British cars . (a lot)
-British cars aren’t nearly as popular as foreign cars. (not nearly)

2. Exam Marks:
Jane: 75% Paul: 42%
-Jane scores far higher percentage of marks than Paul. (far)
-Paul didn’t score nearly as high percentage of marks as Jane. (not nearly)

3. My house: £4000, your house: £38500
-My house costs slightly more than yours. (Slightly)
– Your house costs almost as much as mine. (almost)

4. Jane is 16, Paul is 17
-Paul is a bit older than Jane. (a bit)
-Jane isn’t quite as old as Paul. (not quite)

5. Math Exam 70% failed, History Exam: 24% failed.
-The Math exam was much more difﬁcult than history exam. (much)
-The history exam wasn’t nearly as difﬁcult as the math exam. (not nearly)

COMPARISONS INVOLVING VERBS

Express the meanings of the sentences below with another comparative sentence, beginning with the words given.

1. Those children ought to go to bed much earlier than they do.

Those children go to bed much later than they ought to.

2. He’s not supposed to drink quite as much as he does.

He drinks much more than he’s supposed to .

3. We hadn’t expected them to arrive as early as they did.

They arrived much earlier than we had expected them to

4. I’ve never been as frightened as I was during that flight.

During that flight, I was much more frightened than I have ever been.

5.I had thought the room would be more expensive than it actually was. the

room was actually cheaper than I had thought it would be.

6. There are more foreign tourists this year than there have ever been before.

There have never been as many foreign tourists they are this year.

7.You didn’t need to get up nearly as early as you did.

You got up much earlier than you needed to.

8.I would have liked to stay longer than I was able to.

Unfortunately, I couldn’t stay as long as I would have liked to.

9.It was quite unnecessary for you to tell them as much as you did.

You told them much more than it was necessary for you to do so.

Unit: 13

Getting the right order

1. your hand / eat
a) You should wash your hand before you eat.
b) You shouldn’t eat until you have washed your hands.
c) Otherwise you might get an infection.

2. Close your windows / go out
a) You should close your windows before you go out.
b) You shouldn’t go out until you have closed your windows.
c) Otherwise thieves might enter your house.

3. have some driving lessons / take your driving test.
a) You should have some driving lessons before you take some driving test.
b) You shouldn’t take your driving test until you have had some driving test.
c) Otherwise you might fail the test.

4. clean your teeth / go to bed
a) You should clean your teeth before you go to bed.
b) You shouldn’t go to bed until you have cleaned your teeth.
c) Otherwise your teeth might be damaged.

5. test the temperature of the water / bath the baby
a) You should test the temperature of the water before you bath the baby.
b) You shouldn’t bath the baby until you have tested the temperature of the water.
c) Otherwise it might burn him.

Ex:13.
3 .look at the pictures and notes below, which show how instant coffe is produced and write a brief description of the process

-The coffee beans are picked by hand.When this has been done, they are laid in the open and sried by sun they are has poured done into a big metal container and rosted in the fire. There after, the beans are, made to cool down repaidly. This can be done by keeping the container in shallow water .After that they are ground by a grinder and mixed with hot water. When this has been done, the mixture is strained and frozen. Then again the frozen liquid is ground and dried in a vaccum. Finally, they are packed into jars.

4.Look at the diagram below,and explain what happens to water after it evaporates in the sun.

– When water evaporates in the sun, this vapour rises and is changed into millions of tiny drops of water. These tiny drops of water float about in the air and goes up to the sky. This cold air appears there in the form of coulds. The clouds rise with the air as they move towards the high land or mountains and become heavy and cool. These heavy drops of water can not float in the air and fall down as rain.

5.explain the educational process in your country ,fromb the begining of school to the end of university, Include information about: ages, types of school,what the student does at each stage, and examination.
– There are mainly two distinct stages in the educational system of our country. University education and school education. School education has three stages. Primary level schools impart education upto class 3.Lower secondary schools take over and impart education up to class 7.Class IX and X fall in secondar level education. After the students appear for the L.C. examination they join higher secondary school. After the completion of this level ,they do four year bachlor level course. When they have done this,they’ll be eligible for Master’s level.Interested student can also do phd level or resource work after their master’s.

Unit: 14

Giving Advice with predictions

1. Do you think I should learn Chinese/
Yes,
– you should – it’s sure to help you get a job.
– I wouldn’t – you are unlikely to use it very much.

2. I was thinking of building a swimming pool in the garden.
-Yes, you should – you are sure to make your health better by swimming in it.
-I wouldn’t –you are unlikely to swim in water.

3. Perhaps I should take a week off work.
-Yes, you should – you are likely to feel fresh after your holiday.
-I wouldn’t – you are certain to be bored after a day or two.

4. I can’t decide whether to buy a house or not.
-Yes, you should – you deﬁnitely want have to pay the higher rent.
-No you shouldn’t – the rent is likely to be far over than the investment.

5. They have sent me the wrong size. Shall I write and complain?
-Yes, you should – they are sure to send you the right size.
-No, you shouldn’t – even the wrong one is likely to be lost.

4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

Write paragraphs predicting future devlopment, concerning the topics below. Use some or all the ideas given to help you.

1.Energy

Oil running out: prices, oilfield wars, other forms of energy. government control

Oil is bound to run out in the next thirty years. Prices are likely to continue to rise quite rapidly, and unless new SOurCes of energy are devloped,government may have to control the amount of oil that people are allowed to use.
It is quite likely that wars will even be fought to get control of the oil fields. Nulear power is certain to be used more widely in the future.

ऊर्जा
तेल बाहिर चलिरहेको छ: मूल्यहरू, तेल क्षेत्रहरू, ऊर्जाको अन्य रूपहरू। सरकारी नियन्त्रण
तेलले अर्को तीस वर्षमा भाग्न बाध्य छ। मूल्यहरू सम्भवतः छिटो बढ्न जारी राख्ने सम्भावना छ, र ऊर्जाको नयाँस्रोतहरु विकसित गरियो नभएसम्म, सरकारले प्रयोग गर्न अनुमति दिने तेलको मात्रा नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्छ।
यो एकदम सम्भव छ कि युद्धहरू तेल क्षेत्रहरूको नियन्त्रण लिनको लागी पनि लडाई हुनेछ। न्यून बिजुलीलाई निश्चित रूपमा भविष्यमा अधिक व्यापक प्रयोग गरिने निश्चित छ।

2.World Population
Birth control,Goverment control; starvation: new sources of food, diseases.

The population of world is very likely to be doubled by 2030 unless effective Birth control programmes are started and implemented.
This programm may have make family planning compulsory.If the current rate of population growth continues, we may not have enough food to eat, and a vast number Of people colud die of starvation Epidemics could break out.

विश्व जनसंख्या वृद्धि
जन्म नियन्त्रण, गोवर नियन्त्रण भूखण्ड: भोजन, रोगहरु को नयाँ स्रोत।
2030 सम्म संसारको आबादी दुग्ध हुने सम्भावना छ जबसम्म प्रभावी जन्म नियन्त्रण कार्यक्रमहरू सुरु र लागू भएन।यो प्रोग्रामले परिवार नियोजन अनिवार्य बनाएको हुन सक्दछ। यदि जनसंख्या वृद्धिको वर्तमान दर जारी छ, हामी खानेको लागि पर्याप्त खाना नहुन सक्छ, र एक विशाल संख्या कोलाहटबाट मारेको बिरुवाबाट मर्नु पर्छ महामारी

3.Technology
microchips, video. telephones, etc, transport, robots;unemployment
It’s very likely that we’ll see many more wenders of science microchips, video telephones, could be found almost in very household. New technology development are bound to create more efficient robots. Transport could undergo much change.You never know -we may develop artificial wings, wear them and fly about instead of using cycle and motorbikes .But unemployment is sure to increase.

प्रविधि
माइक्रोचिप्स, भिडियो। टेलिफोन, आदि, यातायात, रोबोट; बेरोजगारी

यो धेरै सम्भव छ कि हामी विज्ञान माइक्रोचिपको धेरै अधिक विन्डरहरू देख्नेछौं, भिडियो टेलिफोन, लगभग धेरै परिवारमा फेला पार्न सकिन्छ। नयाँ प्रविधि विकास अधिक कुशल रोबोटहरू सिर्जना गर्न बाध्य छन्। यातायातले धेरै परिवर्तन गुमाउन सक्दछ .तपाईँले कहिल्यै थाहा छैन-हामी कृत्रिम पखेटाहरू विकास गर्न सक्दछन्, उनीहरूको लुगा लगाउने र चक्र र मोटरबाइकहरू प्रयोग गर्नुको सट्टा उड्न सक्नेछन् .तर बेरोजगारी बढाउनु पर्छ।

Unit:15

Passive reporting verbs

1. He was born in Manchester in 1932. (know)
-He is known to have been born in Manchester in 1932.

2. His parents took him to America when he was seven. (think)
-His parents are thought to have taken him to America when he was seven.

3. He is worth ﬁve billion dollars. (estimate)
-He is estimated to be worth ﬁve billion dollars.

4. He is living on a remote Greek island. (remour)
-He’s remoured to be living on a remote Greek Island.

5. He was responsible for murders in the sixties. (allege)
-He’s alleged to have been responsible for several murders in the sixties.

6. He has been married ﬁve times. (believe)
-He’s believed to have been married ﬁv e times.

7. He is a heavy drinker (say)
-He is said to be a heavy drinker.

8. He has had a serious heart attack recently. (think)
-He has thought to have had a serious heart attack recently.

9. Several governments are suing him for tax offences, (report)

-Several governments are reported to be suing him for tax offences.

Thank you 💕💕💕💕💕💕

Meaning into words class 12 Note(student book)

Unit: 1

1.2LISTING EXPERIENCE AND ACHIEVEMENTS

1. SHE HAS HAD AN AMAZINGLY SUCCESSFUL FILM CAREER..
-SHE HAD WON15 0SCARS.
-SHE APPEARED WITH RICHARD BURTONIN THE FILM LAS VEGAS.

2.THE COMPANY HAS HAD ONE OF THE WORST YEARS IN ITS HISTORY…
-THE COMPANY HAS BEENBANKRUPT.
-THE COMPANY ENDED IN FAILURE.

3.THE ESCAPED PRISONER HAS AN IMPRESSIVE CRIMINAL RECORD…
-THE ESCAPED PRISIONER HAS MURDERED THE MEMBER OF THE PARLIAMENT.
-‘THE ESCAPED PRISIONER KILLED HIS OWNWIFE.

4.THE COLONELHAS HADA REMARKABLY ADVENTURES LIFE..
-THE COLONEL HAS OWN 10 MEDALS.
-THE COLONEL APPEARED AS PEACE-KEEPER IN THE COUNTRY.

5. JULES CAREER AS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST HAS TAKENHIM ALL OVER.
-THE WORLD AND INTO THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY SITUATIONS.
-JULES HAS STUDIED THERACIAL DISCRIMINATION OF THE WORLD.
-JULES WROTE 25 BOOKS ONHUMAN RACE.

Work in group have similar conversation like this:
1.They fine me for parking offence last week.
A:They fine me for parking offence last week.Have you ever fined for parking offence?
B:No,i haven’t. But i havebeen fined for speeding.They finded me Rs1000.

2.They printed my picture in the newspaper once.
A:They had printed my picture in the newspaper once. They did it when I become the collage topper. HAVE you ever had your picture printed in the newspaper?
B:No i haven’t but I have it printed in the school magazine. THEY published my photo along with the article.

3.some body punched me on the nose this morning.
A: some body punched me on the nose this morning. A man did it when my car hit him.Have you ever punched on the nose?
B:No i haven’t but i have been scolded by a lady .she become very angery when i dashed against her.

4.The customs men search my luggage last time I come back from abroad.
A:The customs men search my luggage last time I come back from abroad.I had to remain in the border for two hours.Have you ever had your luggage searched?
B:Yes i have had my suitcase searched several times.

5.Someone broke into my house two weeks ago.

A:Someone broke into my house two weeks ago.He stole my tv set.Have you ever had your house broken into?

B:No i haven’t,but i have had my purse stolen while i was going to collage

1.6. New Experience

Q. Continue the remarks below in three different ways as in the following
example:
Example: I can’t get to sleep…
a) This is the ﬁrst time I have ever slept in a tent.
b) I have never ﬂown at night before.
c) I’m not used to having siestas.

Exercise: 1. My feet are killing me.
a) This is the ﬁrst time I have ever walked such a long distance.
b) I have never climbed hill before.
c) I am not used to walking on sand.

2. God, this is embarrassing…
a) This is the ﬁrst time I ha ve ever called for a speech.
b) I have never failed in my exam before.
c) I am not used to talking with the foreigners.

3. Do you think you could slow down a little?…
a) This is the ﬁrst time I have ever felt giddy in a car.
b) I have never travelled in such a high speed car before.
c) I am not used to traveling on motorbike at night.

4. She is feeling terribly nervous….
a) This is the ﬁrst time she has ever failed in exam.
b) She has never scolded by her father before.
c) She is not used to dancing on the stage.

5. Hold my hand, will you?…
a) This is the ﬁrst time I have ever climbed the hill.
b) I have never crossed the river before.
c) I am not used to crossing such busy road.

6. He is absolutely delighted…
a) This is the ﬁrst time he has ever got distinction in the exam.
b)He has never got ﬁrst prize before.
c) He is not used to getting highest mark in his class.

7. I hope they get there all right…
a) This is the ﬁrst time they have visited Pokhara.
b) They have never reached at Jomsom before.
c) They are not used to climbing mountain.

Writing (page 7)

Q. Write a letter of application for the post of a teacher in a school including the following things about you: Name, age, occupation, educational qualiﬁcation, relevant experience Tamgahs-8-Gumli
Resunga municipality Date:2075/08/05
The Principal,
Shiddhaba Higher secondary School,
Tamgash gulmi

Subject: for the post of a teacher.
Sir,
With due respect, I’d like to apply for the post of a teacher With reference to your advertisement published in ‘The Kathmandu Post, yesterday. I wish to apply for the post of a teacher in your school. As a successful candidate, I’d like to apply for the post.
I am a young and energetic man of the age of 20.I have passed S.L.C from NA high school in ﬁrst division and higher secondary level from Stanford College in second division. I have worked as a teacher Brilliant united Academy for two years. I am good in English. I have done diploma in computer application from Intel Computer Institute. I think my qualiﬁcation and experience will be appropriate for the post. If I will be selected for the post, I will do my best. I would perform my duty honestly. I have attached my CV and documents with this letter. Hoping for a favourable reply.

Yours faithful
Name:Arun panthi

Composition (page 9)

Q.You are now living in one of the ﬂat you visited. Write a letter to a friend, describing what it is like living there, and what the people there are like. Campus road
Tamgash gulmi Date: 2075/08/05
Dear Saroj,
I got your letter yesterday and I became extremely happy knowing about your new ﬂat. Now I am going to write you about my new ﬂat.
As you know that I am away from my house for my study. I am living in a new ﬂat here inTamgahs. This is the ﬁrst time I have ever left my house. I am living here alone in my room. In the beginning I felt home sickness, but now I don’t feel so. I am happily living here. My room is in a second ﬂat of new house. My room is very good for my study as it if quiet and it is very bright. All the people in my ﬂat are college students. They are very helpful and cooperative. They always help me in difﬁculties and they always ask me if I have any problem.
If you have free time, you can come to my ﬂat to stay for some days. I hope I will get your reply soon.
Yours best friend
Arun panthi

Unit: 2

he/she/ it = looks
I/we/you/they = looks

2.1. Judging from appearances

Q. Make sentences using look, look like, look as if /look as though.

1. [ It is about a man. So the subject is “He”]
a) he needs a wash
He looks as if he heeds a wash.
b) rather aggressive
He looks rather aggressive.
c) a tramp
He looks like a tramp.
d) angry
He looks angry.
e) he is going to start a ﬁght
He looks as if he is going to start a ﬁght.

2. [ It is about a machine. So the subject is “it”]
a) terribly complicated
It looks terribly complicated.
b) it cost a lot
It looks as if it cost a lot.
c) very elegantU
It looks very elegant.
d) something from outer space.
It looks like something from outer space.
e) it gives excellent reproduction
It looks as if it gives excellent reproduction.

3. [ It is about two people. So the subject is “they”]
a) a honeymoon coupleU
They look like a honeymoon couple.
b) they are celebrating
The look as if they are celebrating.
c) they’re in love
They look as if they are in love.
d) happy
They look happy.
e) they have just had some good news
They look as if they have just had some good news.

2.2. Looks as if & looks as though.

Look at the following example and complete the ﬂowing exercise.

Example: You see a man lying on the ground in a pool of blood.
-He looks as if he has just been shot.
-He looks as if he is seriously wounded.
-He looks as if he’s about to die.

1. You see a girl standing on the seashore, staring into the water.
-She looks as if she has lost her ring.
-She looks as if she is watching ﬁsh
-She looks as if she is about to commit suicide.

2. You see a man lying on the ﬂoor, laughing.
– He looks as if he is mad.
-He looks as if he has drunk beer .
-He looks as if he is going to act on a play.

3. You see a woman whose cloths are soaked and she is sneezing.
-She looks as if she has just bathed.
-She looks as if she is walking in rain.
– She looks as if she is about to change her cloths.

4. You see a man lying underneath a car.
– He looks as if he is a thief.
– He looks as if has escaped from a jail.
– He looks as if he is going to hide something.

5. You see someone climbing through a window.
-He looks as if he is a thief.
-He looks as if he has lost his key.
– He looks as if he is about to clean his window .

Now try these:
Eye = look as if
Ear = sound as if
Nose = smell as if
Skin = feel as if
Mouth = taste as if

6) You can hear people singing next door.
-They sound as if they are dancing.

7) When you open the door of your ﬂat, there is a strong smell of smoke.
-It smells as if someone is smoking.

8) When you touch your writing desk, you notice it is sticky.
-It feels as if someone has spilt gum on it.

9) When you drink a glass of water, you realize it certainly isn’t ordinary drinking water.
– It tastes as if it is lemon water.

2.3. General Impression:
SEEM Rule:

1)Is/ am/are = Sub + Seem (s) to + be + obj
2)don’t /doesn’t = Sub + don’t /doesn’t + seem to + V1 + obj.
3)Isn’t = Sub + doesn’t + seem to +be + obj.
(He, She, It =Seems to)
(I, we, you, they = Seem to)
* (Don’t /doesn’t = Seem to)
* Is = be
*Are = be
*Am = be
* V5 = V1
* (Watches = watch)
* V1 = V1
*Has = have
* Have = have
* V2 = have +V3

Q. Change the sentences using SEEM.

a) He is very friendly.
-He seems to be very friendly.

b) He isn’t very rich.
-He doesn’t seem to be very rich.

c) He’s happily married.
-He seems to be happily married.

d) He’s some kind of businessman.
-He seems to be some kind of businessman.

e) He doesn’t spend much tome out of doors,
-He doesn’t seem to spend much time out of doors.

f) He watches television a lot.
-He seems to watch television a lot.

g) He has lived a very interesting life.
-He seems to have lived a very interesting life.

Q. Rewrite the following sentences using Seem.

1. He never stops to chat with you if you have got your dog with you.
-He seems to be afraid of dogs.

2. His front garden always looks a bit neglected.
-He seems to be lazy.

3. There are African masks on the wall of his sitting room.
-He seems to have visited Africa at once.

4. The postman always delivers a lot of letters with foreign stamps to his house.
-He seems to know many people in foreign countries.

5. You only see his children during the school holidays.
-They seem to be at a boarding school.

6. He usually carries a walking stick when he goes out.
-He seems to be a lame person.

2.5. Describing people

Physical features:
Hair: curly, straight, fair, short, dark, shoulder-length, wavy

Face: round, oval, square, dark

Eyes: narrow, wide, brown, blue,

Eye brows: thick, thin

Nose: pointed, hooked, crooked

Lips: thick, thin

Chin: Pointed, parted, doubled, cleft

Special features: dimple, scar, moles, moustache, beard, pimple.

Write a physical description of your friend or father or mother.
⇒ Saroj panthi is my best friend. He is in his teen age. He is about 5 ft 5 inches tall. He is a light weight man of about 60 kg. He has long black curly hair. He has a black complexion. His face is round with wide and black eyes. His eyebrows are bushy while his nose is long and pointed. He has thin lips and round chin. He has a mole in his right chick. His forehead is broad. He is always well-dressed. He often stammers while speaking
सरोज पन्थी मेरो सबैभन्दा राम्रो मित्र हो। उहाँ आफ्नो किशोर उमेरमा हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँ लगभग 5 फिट 5 इन्च लामो हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँ लगभग 60 किलोको हल्का वजनको व्यक्ति हुनुहुन्छ। उहाँसँग लामो कालो घुमेको कपाल छ। उहाँ कालो रंग हुनुहुन्छ । उनको अनुहार चौडा र कालो आँखाको साथ हुन्छ। तिनको नाक लामो छ र संकेत गरिरहेको बेला उहाँका आँखाहरू ब्रेक हुन्छन्। उहाँसँग पतली होंठ र राउन्ड चिन छ। उनको दाहिने चोरीमा एक तिल छ। उहाँको माथे व्यापक छ। उहाँ सधैं राम्रोसँग लुगा लगाउनुहुन्छ। उनी प्रायः बोल्ने बेलामा थिमरहेछन्

2.6 Guessing Age

Tender age: 0-12 years
Teen age: 13-19 years
Twenties: 20-29 years
Thirties: 30-39 years
Forties: 40-49 years
Fifties: 50-59 years, and so on.
Early-mid-late
Early twenties: 20, 21, 22, 23
Mid twenties: 24, 25, 26
Late Twenties: 27, 28, 29

Q. Say approximately when these people were born and then decide what age they are now.

1. Richard 1930/3
_Richard was born in the early thirties –
-He is now in his late seventies.

2. Alan 1964/5
-Alan was born in the mid sixties.
-He is now in his late thirties.

3. Susan 1895/1905
-Susan was born sometime during the decade 1895 to 1905.
-He is now in his hundred above.

4. Jan 1928/9
-Jane was born in the late twenties.
-She is now in her mid seventies.

5. Alison 1941/3
-Alison was born in the early forties.
-He is now in his late ﬁfties.

6. Geraldine 1960/1
-Geraldine was born in the early sixties.
-She is now in her early ﬁfties.

Q. Now work out these people’s approximate ages.
1. Mike started school in 1947.
¤ Mike is in his mid sixties.

2. Albert Smith fought in the First World War.
¤Albert is over one hundred years.

3. Christine isn’t quite old enough to vote yet.
¤She is in her middle teen.

4. Fred will be retiring in a couple of years’ time.
¤ He is in his late sixties.

5. My landlady doesn’t look old, but she has grandchildren.
-She is in her mid sixties.

6. Mary just remembers the Second World War. She is in her early seventies.

7. Brenda’s been teaching for 25 years.
-She is in her early ﬁfties .

Writing: (page 16)

Q. Write a ‘police description’ of the person you have chosen.

⇰ Here is the description of a girl whom the police wish to interview in connection with yesterday’s Rs 50000000 bank robbery in tamaghs.The women is in his early thirties. She is heavely built and is about 5feet 2inch tall .She has wavy hair coming up to shoulder. Her lips are thin and there is dimple just below her left eyebrow. Police belived that she is still carrying the gun used to robbery peoples are suggested to remain alert.

यहाँ एक केटीको विवरण हो जुन प्रहरीले साक्षात्कार गर्न चाहन्छ कि हिजोको 50000000 बैंक लुटपाटमा तम्घास मा। साक्षात्कार उनको प्रारम्भिक तेस्रो स्थानमा छ। त्यो भारी मात्रामा बनाइएको छ र लगभग 5फीत 2इन्जिन लामो छ .त्यो कडा कपाल कंधेमा आउँदैछ। उनको होंठ पतली हो र त्यहाँ बायाँ आँखाको तल तल आयोम छ। पुलिसले बेवास्ता गरेको छ कि उनी अझै पनि लुटपाट गर्न प्रयोग गरिएको बन्दुकलाई सचेत रहन सुझाव दिए।

Composition (page: 20)

1. Intelligence Tests:

The term, ‘intelligence”, means the mental ability or the mental speed of a person. Intelligence test means that types of test which measures the mental capacity of a person. By asking I Q questions to a person, we can measure his/her intelligence. Sometimes people deﬁne intelligence as his ability to remember what he reads or hears. Other people deﬁne intelligence as the mental speed of a person or how a person thinks quickly. Intelligence has also relation to our ability to solve the practical problems of our life.
When we ask I Q questions, some people give answers so quickly, but other think for longer. The same question could be easy for a person but difﬁcult for other. For example the same mathematical question could be easy for a student but difﬁcult for other. It depends on the mental speed of a person. Time plays a vital role in the intelligence tests. If a person gives answer faster than the other, he is called intelligence. Her only write answer is not counted, but the time as will. We have to give the answer within the due second. Nowadays I Q questions are being asked in different types of test and examinations. If a person gives more and more answer correctly in due time, he is considered intelligence and he gets a job. In quiz contest I Q questions are generally being asked. There are three types of I. Q. questions: verbal, visual and numerical.
In conclusion, Intelligence tests measure our mental ability and mental speed. By asking I Q. questions, we can measure the mental ability of a person. We can ﬁnd out hoe clever the person is.

शब्द, ‘बुद्धिमान’, अर्थ मानसिक क्षमता वा व्यक्तिको मानसिक गति हो। खुफिया परीक्षणको अर्थ छ कि परीक्षणको प्रकार जसले व्यक्तिको मानसिक क्षमताको उपाय गर्दछ। मैले सोधेर प्रश्न गरेर एक व्यक्तिलाई प्रश्न सोध्छौं, हामी उनको खुफियाको मापन गर्न सक्छौं। कहिलेकाहीँ मानिसहरु तिनीहरुलाई पढ्ने वा सुन्नुको सम्झना गर्ने क्षमताको रूपमा छ। अन्य व्यक्तिले व्यक्तिको मानसिक गतिको रूपमा वा व्यक्तिलाई कसरी चाँडै सोच्दछ। खुफियाले हाम्रो जीवनको व्यावहारिक समस्याहरू समाधान गर्ने क्षमतालाई पनि सम्बोधन गरेको छ।

जब हामी म प्रश्न प्रश्न सोध्छु, केहि मान्छेले छिट्टै उत्तर दिन्छन्, तर अरु लामो समय सम्म लाग्छ। एउटै प्रश्न एक व्यक्तिको लागि सजिलो हुन सक्छ तर अन्यको लागि फरक छ। उदाहरणका लागि एउटै गणितीय प्रश्न विद्यार्थीको लागि सजिलो हुन सक्छ तर अन्यको लागि फरक छ। यो व्यक्तिको मानसिक गतिमा निर्भर गर्दछ। समय खुफिया परीक्षणहरूमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्दछ। यदि एक व्यक्तिले अर्को भन्दा छिटो जवाफ दिन्छ भने, उसलाई बुद्धि भनिन्छ। उनको मात्र जवाफ लेख्ने गिनती छैन, तर समयको रूपमा। हामीले उत्तर दोस्रो पछाडि उत्तर दिनुपर्छ। आजकल म प्रश्नहरू विभिन्न प्रकारका परीक्षण र परीक्षाहरूमा सोध्न सकिन्छ। यदि एक व्यक्तिले अधिक समयमा सही समयमा सही जवाफ दिन्छ भने, उसलाई बुद्धिमानी मानिन्छ र उसले जागिर पाउँछ। प्रश्नोत्तरी प्रतियोगितामा म प्रश्नहरू सामान्यतया सोधिएको छ। त्यहाँ तीन प्रकारका प्रश्नहरू छन्। प्रश्नहरू: मौखिक, दृश्य र संख्यात्मक।
अन्तमा, खुफिया परीक्षणहरूले हाम्रो मानसिक क्षमता र मानसिक गतिको उपाय गर्छ। मैले प्रश्न सोधेर, हामी एक व्यक्तिको मानसिक क्षमता को माप गर्न सक्छौं। हामी हाउ चाउचाउबाट बाहिर निकाल्न सक्छौं व्यक्ति।

2.Do-it-Yourself

One should do his work himself. The man who forms habit of doing his her work by himself herselfis the rightly- oriented person.When
a man does his work honestly and continuously, he gets satisfaction. Getting satisfaction from the work is a good sign that he will further work. This habit gives him success. Success in life gives a man condfidence. Confidence again leads to other sucess.
A man who knows the value of work knows well the fruit of labour too. He /she finds delight in whatever he/ she gets after work. The great thing we can learn in life is this self- reliance. Such people are praised on earth and liked in heaven. We should, therefore, do our work by our selves and behappy at the result we get.

आफै गर
कसैले आफ्नो काम गर्नु पर्छ। मानिस जो आफैले आफ्नो काम गरिरहेको आदतको रूपमा बनाउँछ व्यक्तिलाई सही रूपमा निहित व्यक्ति। जब
एक मान्छे आफ्नो ईमानदारी संग र लगातार काम गर्दछ, त्यो सन्तुष्ट हुन्छ। कामबाट सन्तुष्टि पाउनु राम्रो संकेत हो कि उसले थप काम गर्नेछ। यो बानी उसलाई सफलता प्रदान गर्दछ। जीवनमा सफलताले मानिसको सम्भावना दिन्छ। निर्धक्क फेरि अर्को सुचारु हुन्छ।कामको मूल्य जान्ने व्यक्तिले पनि राम्रो कामको फल जान्छ। उसले / जुन जो पनि काम पछि पाउँछ उसले प्रसन्न पाउँछ। हामीले जीवनमा सिक्न सक्ने ठूलो कुरा यो आत्म-भरोसा हो। यस्ता मानिसहरू पृथ्वीमा प्रशंसा गरिएका छन्स्वर्गमा मनपर्थ्यो। त्यसोभए, हामीले आफैंले हाम्रो काम गरौं र हामीले प्राप्त गर्ने नतिजा बाट व्यवहार गरौं

Q. If you were shipwrecked alone on a desert island, which ﬁve common objects would you want have with you? Why?
⇨If I were shipwrecked alone on a deserted island, I’d like to want to have the ﬁve common objects: a gun, a matchbox, a knife, a tent, and some light clothes.
I want to keep a light gun with me because it would protect me from the wild animals. It would be also needed to kill eatable animals. A matchbox would be necessary for me to roast the meat of those animals. A knife would be needed to chop the meat to eat and to cut coconuts which would be available in the island. A tent would be needed to be protected from heat and rain. There might be hot weather on the island. So some light clothes would be sufﬁcient for me there.

Unit: 3

3.2. Previous Events:
Rule:
A: Given sentence
B: Why? What had happened?/ What had +Sub +done?
A:Well, Sub + had + V3 +object, and +Sub +had +v3 + obj.
नियम:

A: दिइएको दिइयो वाक्य
B: किन? के भयो? / के थियो + Sub + done?
A: ठीक छ, उप + थियो + V3 + वस्तु, र + उप + थियो + v3 + obj।
Have similar conversation of the following remarks.

1) When I saw him two years later I could hardly recognized him.
A: When I saw him two years later I could hardly recognized him.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, he had grown beard, and he had kept long moustache.

2) They sent both men to prison for 20 years.
A: They sent both men to prison for 20 years.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, they had killed a man and robbed his house.

3) The ﬁreman received a medal for bravery.
A: The ﬁreman received a medal for bravery.
B: Why? What happened?
A: Well, he had saved a baby from a burning house and he had saved a lot of property.

4) It was a good thing I checked my bill before I paid it.
A: It was a good thing I checked my bill before I paid it.
B:Why? What had happened?
A: Well, the shopkeeper had added extra money and he hadn’t included VAT.

5) When my sister came home, she was crying her eyes out.
A: When my sister came home, she was crying her eyes out.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, she had lost her purse, and my mother had scolded her.

6) I got very angry letter from my bank manager last Friday.
A: I got very angry letter from my bank manager last Friday.
B: Why? What had happened?
A; Well, I hadn’t paid my loan, and I hadn’t informed him anything.

7) My new trousers were ruined when they came out of the washing machine.
A: My new trousers were ruined when they came out of the washing machine.
B: Why? What had happened?
A: Well, the washing machine had been broken, and I had kept it in higher temperature.

8) They came back from their holiday feeling completely refreshed.
A: They came back from their holiday feeling completely refreshed.
B:Why? What had happened?
A: Well, They had been to Pokhara, and they had enjoyed visiting Phewa Lake.

3.3 Previous activities and events

Rule:
A: Given Sentence
B: Sub + had been + v4 + obj.
नियम:
A: दिइएको वाक्य
B: उप + भएको थियो + v4 + obj।
Make the conversation as it is shown in the example.

a) Eventually Richard found a job that suited him
A: Eventually Richard found a job that suited him.
B: He had been looking for a job.
C: He had been applying many places. D; He had bee studying very hard.

b) When the Johnsons eventually got away on holiday they felt they really deserved it.
A: When the Johnsons eventually got away on holiday they felt they really deserved it.
B: They had been working very hard.
C: They had been visiting Pokhara
D: They had been enjoying together.

C)By the time the climbers reached the top of the mountain, they were exhausted.
A: By the time the climbers reached the top of the mountain, they were exhausted.
B: They had been climbing the mountain.
C: They had been carrying their bags.
D: They hadn’t been eating anything.

d) It was hardly surprising that Anthony fainted.
A: It was hardly surprising that Anthony fainted.
B: She had been suffering from fever.
C: She had been running in the sun.
D: She had been taking medicine.

e) Vivienne sighed with relief
A: Vivienne sighed with relief.
B: She had been working for a long time.
C: She had been facing a problem.
D: She had not been getting leave

3.5. Additional Information:

Relative Clause

Who = Person
Where = place
When = time
What = thing
Which = thing/animal
Whose = relation
Whom = possession
Why = reason X
How = quantity X

Structure:

Sub of the ﬁrst sentence, + wh word +Part of the 2nd sentence (no repeated sub), + Part of 1st sentence

If there is a preposition with the repeated sub of the second sentence, we should put it before the wh word, when we join the sentences with “which” and “whom”.

1. Phil was an excellent driver.Phil’s forehead was covered in sweat.
-Phil, whose forehead was covered in sweat, was an excellent driver.

2.Julia hadn’t wanted to come in the ﬁrst place.The Admiral had entrusted the papers to Julia.
-Julia, to whom the Admiral had entrusted the papers, hadn’t wanted to come in the ﬁrst place.

3. Alex had closed his eyes.It had been Alex’s idea to come.The success of the whole mission depended on Alex.
– Alex, on whom the success of the whole mission depended, which had been his idea to come, had closed his eyes.

4.Alex had just taken the gun out of his pocket.Alex never went anywhere without his gun.
– Alex, who never went anywhere without his gun, had closed his eyes.

5.The dog was sitting facing the back window.The dog loved travelling in fast car.
– The dog, which loved travelling in fast car, was sitting facing the back window.

6.The truck was gaining on them all the time.They were trying so desperately to escape from the truck. A light machinegun was clearly visible on the truck.
– The truck, on which a light machine gun was clearly visible, from where they were trying so desperately to escape, was gaining on them all the time.

3.6 Background Information

Add an appropriate relative clause to these sentences.

1. I couldn’t wait to get back to Venice,…….
I couldn’t wait to get back to Venice, where Nabina had been waiting for me.

2. At last they managed to repair the telephone……
-At last they managed to repair the telephone, which had been disconnected .

3. The teacher,…………. , turned round suddenly.
-The teacher who was teaching,turn round suddenly.

4. I eventually found the letter, ………., in my jacket pocket.
-I eventually found the letter, which my friend had written to me, in my jacket pocket.

5. When I came back, I found that my car, …………, had disappeared.
-When I came back, I found that my car, which I had parked outside, had disappeared.

6. We were all very grateful to Richard, ……….
-We were all very grateful to Richard, who had helped us.

Composition (page: 30)

1. Write a letter to a newspaper saying how you fell about the growing use of computer in our daily live.

Tamgahs gulmi
Date:2075/08/06
The Editor,
The Kathmandu Post Katmandu
Sir,
I would be grateful if my article about the growing use of computer in our daily lives will be published in your reputed newspaper. I hope millions of readers will advantage from this article.
Modern science has given many things tot us. Computer is one of the greatest inventions of modern science. It has made our life easier and faster. We can’t imagine the modern world without computer. It is the fastest means of communication as will. The internet and email has changed the world into a global village. Computer has become essential part of human life in the present world. Consequence, the users have been increasing day by day. Whether one is doing ofﬁcial or personal work, one prefers to use computer life, without computer, has become almost unimaginable. No doubt computer makes our task easier; it enables people to work efﬁciently and it prevents people from working in weather extremes. Undoubtedly it has made communication easer efﬁcient and less time consuming. Nevertheless, computer does have reverse side too.Excess use of computer results into the loss of eyesight in the long run. Computer brings sex and violence in screen. Which result into the increment of sex violence. Teenagers utilize computer in such a way that their mind get corrupted and they cross social norms and values. Eventually such deeds are sure to bring social disorder. Moreover it makes people lazy and unsocial as they wish to spend much of their time with computer
If we use the computer in a proper way, it has surely more advantages than disadvantages. It is the boon of modern science.
Your Sincere
Arun panthi

2. Write an essay on advantages and disadvantages of computer.

Advantages and disadvantages of computer.

Modern science has given many things to us. Computer is one of the greatest inventions of modern science. It has made our life easier and faster. We can’t imagine the modern world without computer. It is the fastest means of communication as will. The internet and email has changed the world into a global village.
There are many advantages of computer. We can use for entertainment information and as a means of communication. We can write emails and we can download important information from internet. We can watch videos, ﬁlm and songs on it. We can save data on it. It reduces the costs in the ofﬁce for accountants. It has become essential part of human life in the present world. The users have been increasing day by day. Computers are useful in business, in education and home. The use of computer has reduced time span of many works. Any works can be done sitting in a place and pressing few keys. It has enabled people to know happenings of the world shortly after it happens. Computer has made it easier for people to communicate in addition to saving time and money. The use of computer in education sector has brought changes in the age-old teaching materials. As in business and education computer is useful at home. Leisure time of family members does not become burden.
Computer has disadvantages as will. Due to use of computer unemployment problem has increased as computer can perform the duty that might need nearly six to seven workers. Unemployment is likely to result into crimes. Continuous work with computer causes loss of eyesight in the long run. Internet, which is widely used to see pornographic scenes, corrupts the mind of teenagers. Due to it, sex- violence increases rapidly. Computer has direct impact on culture of any nation. The high-tech crimes like hacking banks and important documents become possible due to computer. Virus is also a problem of it. If we put all the records on computer, if the ﬁle is corrupted with virus, all the record becomes useless. The social networking webs like Facebook and Twitter have created a kind of crazy mentality among teenagers.

In conclusion, if we use computer in a proper way it has more advantages than disadvantages. It is the boon of the modern science.

Unit: 4

4.2 Verbs and Adjectives

Q. Write the adjectival form of the verbs below.

Rule:
1. Remember that only three verbs could be changed into adjective by adding “ive”
2. All the other verbs should be made into adjectives by adding “ing”.
3. Beware! You should not put the letter “e” at the end of the word while adding “ing”.
4. Sometimes we should write double the last letter whiled adding “ing” as in “upsetting”.
5. “Offend”, the word becomes “offensive”
नियम:

1. याद गर्नुहोस् कि केवल तीनवटा शब्दहरू “ive” जोडेर विशेषणमा परिवर्तन गर्न सकिन्छ।

2. अन्य सबै क्रियाकलापहरू “ing” थपेर विशेषण मा बनाइनु पर्छ।
3. ब्यूँझनुहोस्! तपाईंले “इन्” थप्दा शब्दको अन्तमा पत्र “ई” राख्नु हुँदैन।
4. कहिलेकाँही हामीले “अप्ठ्यारो” मा “इन्जे” थप्नु भएको अन्तिम अन्तिम अक्षरमा लेख्नु पर्छ।
5. “आक्रोश”, शब्द “आक्रामक” हुन्छ
4.2. Talk about the people and things below.

Write the adjectival form of verb

Verb. Adjective

Depress. ➨ Depressing
Offend. ⟹ Offensive
Impress. ➽ Impressing
Attact. ➽ Attractive
Upset. ➽ Upsetting
Excite. ➽ Exciting
Irritate. ➽ Irritating
Suprise. ➽ Supperising
Interest. ➽ Interesting
Confuse. ➽ Confusing
Astonish. ➽ Astonishing
Offend. ➽ Offensive
Shock. ➽ Shocking
Amuse. ➽ Amusing

Structure:
A: What do you think of + given?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd + given + adj.
C: Yes, + given + obj (V1/V5) + me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get + v3 + when people talk about + given.
संरचना:
A: तपाई के सोच्नुहुन्छ + दिए?
B: ओह, I find + given + adj
C: हाँ, + दिइएको + obj (V1 / V5) + मलाई, पनि।
D: हो, म सहमत छु। मैले + v3 + जब मानिसहरूले कुरा गर्छ + + दिईयो।
1.World Cup football.
A: What do you think of the World Cup football?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd the World Cup football really exciting.
C: Yes, the World Cup football excites me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get terribly excited when people talk about the world cup football.

2.People who speak several languages.
A: What do you think of the people who speak several languages?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd the people who speak several languages really amazing.
C: Yes, the people who speak several languages amaze me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get very much amazed when people talks about them.

3.People who talk about themselves.
A: What do you think of the people who talk about themselves?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd the people who talk about themselves really annoying.
C: Yes, the people who talks about themselves annoy me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get annoyed when people talk about people who talk about themselves.

4.People with dirty ﬁngernails.
A: What do you think of the people with dirty ﬁngernails?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd the people with dirty ﬁngernails really disgusting.
C: Yes, people with dirty ﬁngernails disgust me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get disgusted when people talk about people with dirty ﬁngernails.

5.slim people
A: What do you think of slim people?
B: Oh, I ﬁnd slim people attractive.
C: Yes, slim people attract me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get attracted when people talk about slim people.

6. horror ﬁlms
A: What do you think of horror ﬁlms? B: Oh, I ﬁnd horror ﬁlms terrifying.
C: Yes, horror ﬁlms terrify me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I get terriﬁed when people talk about horr or ﬁlms.

4.3 Your Own Attitudes

Write paragraph describing each of the followings.

1) BEGGER
Beggars really annoy me. They occupy any place they like, especially crowd places. It not only hinders the beauty of the city but also destroys the fame of the city. Police personals have to chase them time and again. This scene really disturbs any rational being. I ﬁnd beggars irritating. They cling to the people and beg as if they are recently born puppies. Sometime they disturb tourists by begging. They defame Nepalese people’s identity. Moreover they terrify me.

BEGGER

बगार्सले मलाई साँच्चै कष्टमय बनायो। उनीहरू कुनै पनि ठाँउमा मन पराउँछन्, विशेष गरी भीड स्थानहरू। यसले शहरको सुन्दरतालाई मात्र बाधा पुऱ्याउँछ तर शहरको प्रसिद्धिलाई पनि नष्ट गर्दछ। पुलिसका व्यक्तिहरूले तिनीहरूलाई समय र फेरि फ्याँक्नुपर्छ। यो दृश्य साँच्चै कुनै तर्कसंगत भइरहेको छ। मैले चिन्ता गरें। उनीहरूले मानिसहरूलाई अँगाल्दै र सोध्छन् कि तिनीहरू भर्खरै जन्मेका पिल्लाहरू छन्। केही समय बितेपछि तिनीहरू बिन्ती गरेर पर्यटकहरूलाई सताए। उनी नेपाली जनताको पहिचानको दोषी हुन्। यसबाहेक उनीहरूले मलाई डराउँछन्।
2. Nudists
Nudists shock me very much, as they do not keep to social codes. Human beings are regarded as the most developed as they can live with the code established by the society codes is to put on clothes. As nudists do not think it is necessary to put on clothes. I ﬁnd them uncivilized. I think they are the beasts in human form. I ﬁnd embarrassing. When walking with relatives their appearance compels me to hide my face. Fathers walking with their daughters should hide their face worth shame. I get terriﬁed with nudists, as they are likely to create disorder in society.
न्युडिस्टहरूले मलाई धेरै झम्काए, किनकि तिनीहरू सामाजिक कोडहरू राख्दैनन्। मानव जाति सबैभन्दा विकसितको रूपमा मानिन्छ किनभने तिनीहरू समाज कोडहरू द्वारा स्थापित कोडसँग बाँच्न सक्छन् लुगाहरू राख्न। जस्तै नग्नवादीहरूले विचार गर्दैनन् यो कपडामा राख्न आवश्यक छ। मैले तिनीहरूलाई बेवास्ता गरेँ। मलाई लाग्छ कि तिनीहरू मानव रूपमा जनावर छन्। मैले शर्मिला गरें। जब आफन्तहरु संग हिड्दा उनको उपस्थितिले मलाई मेरो अनुहार लुकाउन बाध्य पार्छ। आफ्ना छोरीहरूलाई साथमा हिंड्नुका पिताहरूले आफ्नो अनुहारलाई शर्मको लामा राख्नुपर्छ। म न्युयोस्टहरूसँग छुट्टै छुट्याउँछु, किनभने तिनीहरू समाजमा विकार सिर्जना गर्न सम्भव छन्।

3. Door to door sales man

4.4. If there is one thing
Rules:

1.Sentences begins with People = [If there is one thing + that (attitude)s me + its + people who…]
2.Sentences begin with you = [If there is one thing + I (attitude) + its people who…….]
1. स्थानहरू मानिसहरूसँग सुरु हुन्छ = [यदि त्यहाँ एक कुरा हो + त्यो (रवैया) मलाई हो + यसको + मानिसहरू जसले …]
2.सेन्टेसन तपाईसँग सुरु हुन्छ = [यदि त्यहाँ एउटा कुरा हो + म (रवैया) + यसको मान्छे …… ……]
Annoy me, upset me, make me angry, I hate, I detest, I loatheमलाई घृणा गर्नुहोस्, मलाई परेशान गर्नुहोस्, मलाई रिस बनाउनुहोस्, मलाई घृणा गर्दछु, म घृणा गर्दछु, म ढोका

Q. Rewrite the following sentences using ‘If there is one thing……’

1. People who smoke in restaurants annoy me.
-If there is one thing that annoys me it’s people who smoke in restaurants.

2. People who are cruel to animals upset me.
-If there is one thing that upsets me it’s people who are cruel to animals.

3. People who break promises make me angry.
-If there is one thing that makes me angry it’s people who break promises.

4. I hate people who smoke in restaurants.
-If there is one thing I hate it’s people who smoke in restaurants.

5. I detest people who interrupt when I am speaking.
-If there is one thing I detest it’s people who interrupt when I am speaking.

6. I loathe people who ring me up early in the morning.
-If there is one thing I loathe it’s people who ring me up early in the morning.

Work in pairs

1.look Fred’s putting his cigarette out on his dinner plate.
A: look Fred’s putting his cigarette out on his dinner plate.
B:Huh if there is one thing that aanoys me it’s people who don’t use ashtrays.

2.Alice lost that book i lent her.
A: Alice lost that book i lent her.
B:Huh,if there is one thing that annoy me it’s people who don’t take care of other property.

3.jim drove into a lamp post last week.
A: jim drove into a lamp post last week.
B:Huh,if there is one thing that annoy me it’s people who don’t pay attention when they’re driving.

4.Rodha still hasn’t paid me back that £100she owes me.
A: Rodha still hasn’t paid me back that £100she owes me.
B:Huh, there is one thing that annoy me it’s people who don’t repay their debts.

5.George has forgotten to fed the cat again.
A: George has forgotten to fed the cat again.
B:Huh,if there is one thing that annoy me it’s people who don’t take care of their pets.

6.Alman kept me waiting for more than an hour last night.
A: Alman kept me waiting for more than an hour last night.
B:Huh,if there is one thing that annoy me it’s people who aren’t punctual.

7.Mrs.Robison come in to borrow some sugar again this morning.
A: Mrs.Robison come in to borrow some sugar again this morning.
B:Huh,there is one thing that annoy me it’s people who borrow things from their neighbours.

Ex 4.5
3. Below is a list of soMe typical characteritics of tourists. make sentences showing your attitude towards each of them

a) They never bother to learn the local language.
– What I don’t like them is the way they never bother to learn the local language.

b) They spend so much money.
Ans: I object to the way they spend so much money.

C)They take up all the seats on buses?
-What I don’t like about them is the way they take up all the seats on buses

d)They take an interest in local customs.
Ans: One thing that impresses me about them is the way they take an interest in local customs.

e) They complain about everything all the time.
Ans: I dislike the way they complain about verything.

F) They help to provide employment.
Ans: What I like about them is the way they help to provide employment.
unny clothes.

G) They wear such funny clothes.
Ans:I like the way they wear such funny clothes.

h) They’ve always got so much energy.
Ans: What I like about then is the way they’ ve always goTso much energy.

4.7 Judging character

How would you describe a person who……
1. gives away lots of money = generous

2. never buys you a drink= mean/stingy

3. easily loses his temper = bad tempered/hot-tempered

4. never loses his temper = calm

5. helps other people =helpful
6. only thinks about himself = selﬁsh
7. jokes about everything = cheerful/funny
8. doesn’t joke about anything = serious
9. expects good things to happen = optimistic
10. expects bad things to happen -pessimistic
11. believes whatever you tell him = gullible
12. doubts what you tell him= skeptical
13. worries about what people think = sensitive
14. doesn’t care what people think = insensitive
15. likes going to parties = sociable/outgoing
16. doesn’t like going to parties = shy/ reserved
17. lets people down = unreliable
18. doesn’t let people down = reliable
19. has a high opinion himself = vain
20. doesn’t boast = modest

Unit: 5

5.1 How long….
Rules:
1. Activities:
if the action is not complete and the actor could not show his achievement, that is activity.
Question:
How long did + sub + v1 +obj + for?

Prepositions:
Period of time = for
Point of time = until

2. Achievement:
If the action is complete and the actor could show his/her achievement what he/she had done, that is achievement.

Question: How long did it take + sub (objective form) + to + v1 + obj?

[he = him, she = her, they = them, I = you]
Prepositions:
Period of time = in
Point of time = by

Practice:
a) Ask the question with “How long……?”
b) Answer it, using the words in brackets.
1.They talked on the telephone. (20 minutes)
– How long did they talk on the telephone for?
-They talked on the telephone for 20 minutes.

2. She painted the bathroom ceiling. (6 o’ clock)
-How did it take her to paint the bathroom ceiling?
– She painted the bathroom ceiling by 6 o’ clock.

3. We played golf on Sunday. (dusk)
– How long did you play golf on Sunday for?
-We played golf on Sunday until dusk.

4. He mowed the lawn.(ten minutes)
-How long did it take him to mow the lawn?
-He mowed the lawn in ten mi mutes.

5. I wrote all my letters. (lunchtime)
-How long did it take you to write all your letters?
– I wrote all my letters by lunchtime.

6. We had to change the wheel. (ﬁve minutes)
-How long did it take you to change the wheel?
-We had to change the wheel in ﬁve minutes.

7. He watched television. (late movie came on)
-How long did he watch television for?
-He watched television until late movie came on.

8. I read the whole War and Peace. (two weeks)
-How long did it take you to read the whole War and piece?
– I read the whole War and Peace in two weeks.

9. She did some piano practice. (bedtime)
-How long did she do some piano practice for?
– She did some piano practice until bedtime.

10. She waited at the bus top. (ages)
-How long did she wait at the bus stop for?
-She waited at the bus stop for ages.

Ex5.1
1. They spent 20 minutes talking on the telephone
2. It took her all afternoon to paint the bathroom ceiling.
3 We spent the whole Sunday playing golf.
4 It took him ten minutes to mow the lawn.
5. It took me all morning to write all my letters.
6 It took us five minutes to change the wheel.
7. He spent all evening watching television.
8.lt took me two weeks to read the whole of war and space.
9. She spent the whole evening doing some piano practice.
10 She spent ages waiting at the bus stop.

5.3 Longer Than You Expected

Rules:

1. Result in negative past + for/until + (Time)
2. It was + (time) + before + result in positive past. or
-Sub + didn’t + v1 + object + for/until + (Time) It was + (time) + before + Sub + v2 + obj.

Complete the sentences.
1. I wro te to my mother by airmail, but in fact….. ( two weeks)
– She didn’t get the letter for two weeks.
-It was two weeks before the letter reached her.

2. I intended to have an early night but as it happened …. (midnight)
– I didn’t get to sleep till midnight.
– It was midnight before I got to sleep.

3. I said he could borrow the record for a few days, but …(six week) – He didn’t give it back for six weeks.
– It was six weeks before he gave it back to me..

4. It was supposed to be a short meeting, but…. (three hours)
¤It didn’t ﬁnish for three hours.
¤It was three hours before it ﬁnished.

5. She set us some homework for Monday, but as I was away for the weekend…. (Tuesday)
¤ I didn’t ﬁnish it till Tuesday.
¤It was Tuesday before I ﬁnished it.

6. He was invited to dinner but typically….. (after 9 o’clock)
¤ He didn’t arrive till after 9 o’ clock.
♡ It was 9 o’ clock before he arrived.

7. The job was supposed to take three weeks, but unfortunately, …….(nearly two months)
– They didn’t ﬁnish it for nearly two months.
– It was nearly two months before they ﬁnished it.

Writing (page 49)

Q.Write a short article for a magazine entitled ‘keeping a dog in a ﬂat’

2075/08/12
The Kathmandu Post

Keeping a Dog in a Flat’
People have been keeping dogs from ancient time. Dog is taken as a friend of human beings. They are kept as if our family members. It is an obedient animal. It loves its master either the master is rich or poor. It is said that to keep as dog in a ﬂat is hundred times better than to keep a watchman in our house. A watchman may deceive us but a dog never cheats us. It guards our house day and nights without any selﬁsh desire. It keeps the thief away from our house. Nowadays people keep dogs in their ﬂat not only for security of their house but also for their interest to keep pet small dogs. With its keen sense of smell an hearing, dogs keep our house safe.
Keeping a dog in a ﬂat is very difﬁcult job though numerous prefer to do it. One who desires for it at least should have knowledge of what, how and why. Otherwise, keeping a dog in a ﬂat is a troublesome job.
The owner should have knowledge on what he has to do. The ﬁrst essential task is to teach the puppy about the time and place of doing excretion in teaching. Training is however not all in all. A good owner should know the way to talking care of dog. Dogs usually like ﬂesh, so they should be fed with meat. Dogs should be vaccinated against various diseases. Otherwise they might cause rabies, which is very dangerous. It keeps our house safe from burglars and unwanted visitors. It is really useful for us.

Composition (Page 51)

Caricature
“Caricature”, the word means exaggeration of something. It is a kind of art to distort physical features of a person or an object. Artists create caricature basically with two purposes: to make us to laugh and to inform those who have done mistakes for reformation. A cartoon or caricature tells many things easily with in a second than in our words. Nowadays we see basically our political leaders become the subject matter of caricatures.
On our daily newspapers and magazines, we see cartoons of our corrupted leaders as will as the high ranked ofﬁcials who have done corruptions and illegal works. People laugh at their cartoons. In Nepal there is the caricature festival that is cow festival or Gai Jatra. At that time, many artists release albums, songs and visual videos for the purpose of satire and laughing. At that time we ﬁnd magazines with full of cartoons. People get the information that the person is not of having good nature. The culture of cartoon or caricature is a common culture in the world. It could be found in every country and their aim is to make us laugh and to give information. The comedy artists also do caricatures of our political leaders in many comedy programs on televisions. They speak, dress and walk as if the corrupted leaders.
In conclusion, caricature means the cartoons of our newspapers and magazines. To satire over the corrupted person and their wrong works, the artists make caricatures. It can convey a lot of message with a small picture of a caricature.

Politicians

Persons who are actively engaged in politics especially as full-time professional members are called politicians. These days, polities has been
a major field to work on. There is a democratic wave in the modern world and politicians are the basis for building up systems to govern the nations.In Nepal, politicians are mostly corrupt . They win the election by giving dreams and to the people, but, after they win the election, they do their own polities rather than that of the people and the nation. ldeally speaking, Politicians are supposed to be honest, service oriented, coopertaive, diligent and devoted to people. They are the public figures. But, tragically the majority of the Nepalese politicians are literate but uneducated. They do not have visions to guide the nation in the path of progress.
However, politicians are the pillars of national development.The fate of the nation heavily depends on the honesty and devotion of the politicians. They can make good systems, stop coruption by imposing strict laws, and can pave the way for overal national prosperity in different sectors of development.
सक्रिय व्यक्तिहरू राजनीतिमा व्यस्त छन् विशेष गरी पूर्ण-समय व्यावसायिक सदस्यहरू राजनीतिज्ञ भनिन्छन्। यी दिनहरू, पोलिटिक्सहरू छन्
एक प्रमुख क्षेत्र मा काम गर्न। आधुनिक विश्वमा एक लोकतान्त्रिक लहर हो र राजनीतिज्ञहरू राष्ट्रहरूलाई शासन गर्न अप्ठेरो प्रणालीहरू निर्माण गर्न आधार हो। नेपालमा, राजनेताहरू प्रायः भ्रष्ट हुन्छन्। तिनीहरूले सपना र मानिसहरूलाई दिएका छनौट जित्छन्, तर, चुनाव जित्न पछि, तिनीहरू जनता र राष्ट्रको सट्टा आफ्नै आफ्नै पोलिटिक्स गर्छन्। लड्डा बोल्दै, राजनीतिज्ञ ईमानदार, सेवा उन्मुख, सहकारी, लगनशील र मानिसलाई समर्पित मानिन्छ। तिनीहरू सार्वजनिक व्यक्ति हुन्। तर, दुर्भाग्यवश नेपाली राजनीतिज्ञहरू साक्षर तर अपरिचित छन्। प्रगतिको बाटोमा राष्ट्रलाई डोऱ्याउन उनीहरूलाई दर्शन छैन।
तर, राजनीतिज्ञ राष्ट्रिय विकासको खण्डहरू हुन्। देशको भाग्यले ईमानदारी र राजनीतिज्ञहरूको भक्तिमा निर्भर गर्दछ। उनीहरूले राम्रो प्रणाली बनाउन सक्छन्, सख्त कानुनहरू लागू गरेर सरोकार रोक्न, र विभिन्न क्षेत्र विकासमा अधिवेशनको राष्ट्रिय समृद्धिको लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त गर्न सक्छ।

Q. Can tell you what people’s characters are like from their physical appearance?
⇨It is said that face is the reﬂection of his/her personality and character. People’s character can be determined, to some extent, from their physical appearances. Many people ﬁnd it impossible thing too but I don’t suppose so. After observing a person’s facial appearance minutely, I can determine nature of the person. If the person’s noise is crooked, such person is egotistical. S\he has high opinion about him\her. Other people for them are nothing in comparison to themselves. People with broad forehead are generally thoughtful. They have the tendency of thinking seriously before they do any work. They like to get involved in the observation of natural beauty. They are intellectual. Quick thinking and imaginative, but wish to know excessively about others people’s activities. People having double chin are skeptical. People who put clothes carelessly never worry about what other think about them. Such people are interested only in merrymaking and enjoyment. Quite contrarily, people who always wear clean clothes are interested in showing their superiority. They have high opinion about themselves. Nevertheless exception works in some cases.

Unit: 6
6.1 Reported Speech
To change direct speech into indirect:
1. Change in RV
¤ Said = said that
¤Said to = told
If it is question:
¤Said/said to = asked

Imperative sentences:
¤ Said/said to =ordered, requested, commanded

2.Changes in RS
1. We should not use comma and inverted comma in the indirect speech.

2.Pronoun Change:
– First Person (I, We) = Subject
-Second person (you) = Object
-Third person (He, she, it, they) = no change

3. Tense Change:
a) Present = Past Tens
¤V1/V5 = V2
¤ Is/am/are+V4 = Was/were + V4
¤ Has/have + v3 = had + V3
¤ Has/have + been + V4= had + been +V4

b) Past Tense
¤V2 = had +V3
¤Was were + V4 = had been + V4
c) Future Tense:
¤Shall/ will = Should/would
d) Model Auxiliary:
¤May = might
¤Can = could

4. Time Adverbials change
¤Today = that day
¤Tomorrow = the next day
¤Yesterday = the day before
¤ Here = there
¤Come = go
¤These =those
¤ This = that
¤Ago = before
¤ Tonight = that night
¤Now = then
¤Hence = thence
¤Thus = so

5. How to change Wh-questins into indirect?
[ RV + Wh-word + sub + aux + verb + obj.]
¤We shoud change pronoun and tense.
¤We should put subject before aux.

6. How to change yes/no questions into indirect?
[ Rv + if/ whether + sub + aux +verb + obj .]
¤ We should use if/whether in yes no question.
¤ We should change the position of aux and subject.

7. How to change imperative sentences?
¤Positive = to
¤Negative =not to.

Example: He said to me, “Don’t smoke”. ~He told me not to smoke.
~ He suggested me not to smoke.

6.1 Practice
Change the following sentences into indirect speech

Rules: (only for thisexercise)
-He said that……. (in every sentences) -I=he, we=they, present=past,will =would

1. ‘I’m from Melbourne.’
~ He said that he was from Melbourne.

2. ‘I like it here.’
~ He said that he liked it there.

3. ‘I don’t earn much money.’
-He said that he didn’t earn much money.
4. ‘I’ve got a cousin in America.’
– He said that he had got a cousin in America.
5. ‘I’ll be staying in New York for a month.’
-He said that he would be staying in New York for a month.
6. ‘I’ll go to Canada too if I have time.’
-He said that he would go to Canada too if he had time.
7. ‘I’ve been to all art galleries in London.’
– He said that he had been to all art galleries in London.
8. ‘I’ve been sleeping in friend’s ﬂat’
– He said that he had been sleeping in friend’s ﬂat.

Q. Report these remarks made by ministers.
1. ‘We are going to do all we can to help industry.’
-He said that they were going to do all they could to help industry.

2. ‘Unemployment ﬁgures have been falling for several months.’
-He said that unemployment ﬁgures had been falling for several months.

3. ‘The last government didn’t do anything about unemployment.’
– He said that the last government hadn’t done anything about unemployment.
4. ‘These proposals are being considered carefully.’
-He said that those proposals were being considered very carefully.
5. ‘Things won’t get better unless we work together.’
– He said that things wouldn’t get better unless they worked together.
6. ‘I fully support the Prime Minister’s views.’
-He said that he fully supported the Prime Minister’s view.
7. ‘I am sure we will win the next election.’
– He said that he was sure they would win the next election.
8. ‘I can’t say any more until I have talked to the Prime Minister.’
-He said that he couldn’t say any more until he had talked to the Prime Minister.

6.2. Conﬂating Reports.

1. I’m starving. I could eat a horse.
-But you told me just now you weren’t hungry.
2. Oh looks. It is raining.
-What? But they said on the weather for ecast it was going to be sunny.
3. The rent is £25 a week.
-But when I spoke you earlier you said it was only £15 a week.

4. Can I have one of your cigarettes?
-But I thought you had given up smoking.
5. Sorry. This is the private beach. Members only.
-But I was told anyone could bathe here.
6. I’d love to come, but I have got this essay to ﬁnish.
-What? I thought you said you were free.
7. Didn’t you get me a ticket?
– No, I didn’t realize you wanted to come.

6.4. Choose appropriate verb from the list, report the remarks below. Begins with the words given.

Admit, explain, assure, deny, point out, claim, insist, warn, accuse.
1. ‘You are under no obligation to buy the drill if you don’t like it.’
– The salesman assured Mr. Lock that he was no under obligation to buy the drill if he didn’t like it.
2. ‘I don’t want the drill, because it doesn’t work.’
-Mr Lock explained that he didn’t want the drill.
3. ‘The same drill can be bought locally for £ 10 less.’
– Mr Lock pointed out that the same drill could be bought locally for £ 10 less.
4. ‘You broke the drill by using wrongly, and you still owe us £ 45.’
-Bargain Electrics claimed that he had broken the drill by using it wrongly, and that he still owed them £ 45.

5. ‘I didn’t break the drill”
– Mr Lock denied that he had broken the drill.
6. ‘The drill reached you in perfect condition.’
– The Managing Director insisted that the drill had reached him in perfect condition.
7. ‘If you do not pay the balance within seven days, we will have to take legal action.’
– The Managing director warned him that if he didn’t pay the balance within seven days, they would have to take the legal action.
8. ‘You are interfering in a private matter.’
– The Sales Manager accused them of interfering in a private matter.
9. “Mr. Lock has been right all along – the drill was wrongly assembled in the factory.
-The Managing director admitted that Mr. Lock had been right all along and that the drill had been wrongly assembled in the factory.

ex.6.4.
Practice

Report the remark, using a suitable verb from the list.

1.’Come on, Mr. Lock. Why not buy it? It’s only £60, after all. Go on, it’s an investment’
Ans:The salesman tried to persuade Mr. Lock to buy the drill.

2 No, I have absolutely no intention of sending you the money.
Ans: Bargain Electrics refused to send Mr. Lock the money.

3.’If you don’t pay up, we’ll take legal action’.
Ans: The Managing Director threatened to take legal action if Jim Lock didn’t pay up.

4.’Frankly, I think you’re asking for trouble if you don’t pay. Why not just send them the money? You’d feel much better if you did’.
Ans: Mr. Jim Lock’s wife urged him to send them the money.

5. Ithink you ought to get in touch with “Safeguard”.
Ans: One of his friends advised him to get in touch with Safeguard.

6. Please, you must help me !I don’t know what to do !.
Ans: Mr. Jim Lock begged Safeguard to help him.

7. ‘All right, Mr. Lock. We’ll look into it immediately.
Ans: Safeguard promised that they would look into the matter immediately.

8.’No, I’m afraid that’s not good enough. As I said before, we Want tospeak to the Sales Manager in person’.
Ans: Safeguard insisted on speaking to the sales manager in person.

9.’Very well, then-we’l give Mr. Lock his deposit back’.
ans: The managing director agreed to give Mr. Lock his deposit back.

10. “To be honest, after my experience with them, i wouldn’t buy anything from Bargain electrics if i were you”.
Ans: Safeguard suggested that he should not buy anything from Bargain Electrics

Composition (page: 61)

Tourists
A tourist is a person who leaves his house for at least 24 hours to visit new places. There are two types of tourists: internal tourists, and external tourists. Internal tourists are those who visit within their national border for entertainment and for holidays. External tourists are those who leave their national border and they visit strange places away from their homeland. For examples, a man goes from Nepalgunj to pokhara to see Phewa Lake and Machhapuchhre, he is a internal tourist. If a person comes from the USA to see mt Everest and goes to Namche Bazaar, he is the external tourist.
Tourism is also called the greatest smokeless industry of the world. Every country wants to attract more and more tourists because they are the sources of foreign currency. Due to the tourists many people get jobs as in hotels, trekking agencies, travel agencies and so on. It increases employment and National income. In terms of Nepal, nature has given every beautiful thing for the attraction of the tourists. But we don’t have the good policy and facilities for the tourists. Government should make proper planning to attract more and more tourists. Let’s hope Nepal will be the best destination for the attraction of the tourists.

Unit:7

7.1 Change the sentences below using must, can’t may/might
1. I’m sure he is working.
-He must be working.
2. Perhaps he is going to ask me.
– He might be going to ask me.
3. I’m sure he is not French.
-He can’t be French.
4. I’m sure they stole the money.
-They must have stolen the money.
5. Perhaps he was listening.
-He might have been listening.
6. I’m sure she was not at work.
-She can’t have been at work.
7. Perhaps he went home.
-He might have gone home.
8. Perhaps she is not coming.
– She might not be coming.
9. I’m sure they weren’t camping.
– They can’t have been camping.
10. Perhaps they haven’t ﬁnished.
-They might not have ﬁnished.
11. Perhaps he was tired.
-He might have been tired.
12. I’m sure she was feeling ill.
-She must have been feeling ill.
13. I’m sure the snow’s melted.
-The snow must have melted.
14. I’m sure they haven’t been waiting long.
-They can’t have been waiting long.

7.2 Working it out

[Structure: Sub + must/can’t + V1 + obj + because + Side B snswer.]

1. Did he go abroad? = He hasn’t got passport.
-He can’t have gone abroad because he hasn’t got a passport.
2. Has he been working hard? = He looks exhausted.
-He can’t have been working hard because he looks exhausted.
3. Is he redecorating his house?= He had it done only a month ago.
– He can’t be redecorating his house because he had it done only a month ago.
4. Is he an Indian? = He has got fair hair.
-He can’t be an Indian because he has got fair hair.
5. Has the meat gone off? = It smells terrible.
-The meat must have gone off because it smells terrible.
6. Is he talking on the phone?=The line’s engaged.
-He can’t be talking on the phone because the line’s engaged.
7. Is the table an antique? = It only cost him £15.
-The table can’t be antique because it only cost him £15.
8. Is it his birthday? = He got a lot of post this morning.
-It must be his birthday because he got a lot of posts this morning.
9. Has he been made redundant ?= He was only promoted last week.
-He can’t have been made redundant because he was only promoted last week.

Q. Continue the sentences below with a deduction. Rules:
A: given sentence
B: So + sub + must + V1 +obj.
C: So + sub + can’t + V1 + obj.
1. He has got a lovely suntan.
-So he can’t be living indoors.
– So he must have been sunbathing.
-so he must have been going to beach.

2. She is driving a Mercedes.
-So she can’t be poor.
-So she must be very rich.
-so he must have got a good job.

3. They didn’t come to the party. –
-So they can’t have been free.
-So they must have been very busy.
-so they can’t have receive the invitation card.

4. He isn’t wearing a uniform.
– So he can’t be going to school. –
-So he must be going to market.
-so he must have resigned from the job.

5. She speaks excellent French. –
-So she must be French.
– So she can’t be Nepali.
-So he can’t have problem in paris.

6. I can hear music next door.
– So they must be dancing.
– So they can’t be reading.
-so she must be listing to the music.

Ex:7.4
Have similar conversations, beginning with the remarks below.

1. I’m sure he/she’s in love with me.
A: I’m sure he/she’s in love with me.
B: nonsense, if she was in love with you she wouldn’t have left you alone when you were ill.
C: And what’s more, she would have come to meet your parents.
B:And if she was in love with she wouldn’t be wandering withs another boy friend.

2.I’m sure he didn’t steal the money.
A: A: I’m sure he didn’t steal the money.
B: Nons nsense . If he hadn’t stolen the money, he wouldn’t run away.
C: And what’s more, he wouldn’t be trembling when the police asked him about the theft.
D: And ifhe hadn’t stolen the money, he wouldn’t have money to a house.

3. I think they’re going to declare war.
A: I think they’re going to declare war.
B: Nonsense. If they were going to declare war, they wouldn’t have proposed peace.
C:And they wouldn’t reduce many army force.
D:And if they were going to declare war, they wouldn’t invest their budget in unfruitful areas.

4. I wonder if that fish was off.
A: I wonder if that fish was off.
B: Nonsense. If that fish was off, no body would have eaten.
C: And he wouldn’t have been served.
D:And if that fish was off. it Wouldn’t smell good.

5. She says she’s a socialist.
A: She says she’s a socialist.
B. Nonsense. If she was socialist she would not support the capitalists in the election.
C:And ifshe was a socialist, she wouldn’t speak against socialism.
D:And what’s more.she wouldn’t criticize the policies of socialist.

6. I’m sure l’m going to get the sack.
A; I’m sure l’m going to get the sack.
B: Nonsense if you were going to get the sack, you wouldn’t have been promoted last month
c: And what’s more, you wouldn’t be treated so well by the boss.
D: And if you were going to get the sack, you wouldn’t be so happy.

7.I think I’ve got gangrene.
A: think I’ve got gangren in my leg.
B:Nonsense.I you got gangrene in our leg, you wouldn’t be the winner in the race.
C:And what’s more, you wouldn’t feel healthy.
D:And if you’d got gangrene in our leg doctor wouldn’t have advised you to stop using medicine.
Unit: 8
8.1 Good and Bad Effects

Listen to the tape ans answer the following. (Page no:170 for passage)

1.what effect did the drug have on the people’s minds?
⇒The effect of that drug on the people’s minds are:

It stop to worring about future.
Enable people to forget aal their probelms.
It made people much easier for relax and enjoy.

2.What effect did it have on the country eonomy and why?
⇒It had a bad effect on the country economy because peoples started to take drug illegally.

3.what did the govenment do,and why weren’t they sucessfull?
➡ The govenrment made the drug illegal but they weren’t sucessful nexus this action merely encourage people to take more drug.

4.what did the govenment do im the end, and why was this a better solution?
➩ The government exported the drugs to the other countries at the end this was btter solution because this save the island for having to work more than one day a week and allowed them to spend there rest of the time sitting in the sun with Out care in the world.

Choose verbs from the list and write sentences which have been the same meaning as those below. Begin with the words given.

Allow, enable, encourage, force, stop, prevent, discourage, save, make it easier, make it more difﬁcult

1. When they took the drug, it was more difﬁcult for them to think rationally.
-The drug made it more difﬁcult them to think rationally.

2. When they took the drug, they didn’t worry about the future.
-The drug stopped them to worry about the future.

3. When they took the drug they were able to forget all their problems.
-The drug enabled them to forget all their problems.

4.When they took the drug they could relax and enjoy themselves more easily.
-The drug made it easier them to relax and enjoy themselves more easily.

5.Although there was a shortage of food, people still wanted to take the drug.
-Even the food shortage didn’t discourage them from taking the drug.

6. Because of the economic crisis, the government had to take some decisive action.
-The economic crisis forced the government to take some decisive action.

7. After the new law was introduced, people still took the drug.
-The new law didn’t prevent them from taking the drug.

8. After the new law was introduced, people wanted to take the drug even more.
-The new law encouraged them to take the drug even more.

9. When the drug was exported, the Islanders didn’t have to work more than one day a week.
-Exporting the drug saved the Islander from having to work more than one day a week.

10. When the drug was exported, they were able to sit in the sun all; day long.
-This allowed them to sit in the sun all day long.
Ex 8.2
Q.Work in groups. In the same wayabout advantage and disadvantage of following.

1. Credit Cards
A: Credit Cards save people from carrying money.
B: Ah yes, they encourage them to spend more
C: But on the other hand credit cards make it easier for them to do of shopping.
D: Yes but the unpaid balance forces them to
Pay a high rate of interest.

2 .Having a beard
A:Having a beard saves you from going to saloon.
B: Yes, but it prevents people from looking smart.
c: But on the other hand, it enables people to look matured.
D: Yes, but it discourages children from going near you.

3. Television
A: Television encourages us to know new things.
B: Yes, but it forces the children to learn Vulgar things.
C: But on the other hand, it enables us to become up to date.
D: yes, it prevents children from being creatives.

4. Having a telephone
A:Having a telephone makes it easier to communicate.
B:Yes, it prevents us from talking to people face to face.
C: But on the other hand, it enables people to get and deliver infomation soon.
D:Yes, but it encourages people to make bluff calls.

Being rich and famous
A: Being rich and famous makes it easIer to serve and help the poor.
B: Ah yes, but it forces one to be selfish and pitiless.
C: But on the other hand it encourages people to develop their personality .
D:Yes, but it forces us to live a formal life.

6. Having a freezer
A:Having a freezer enables people to keep fruits fresh.
B: Ah yes, but it prevents people from eating fresh.
C: But on the other hand, it prevents fru uits from being destroyed completely.
D: Yes, but it encourages people to become lary and dependent.

7. Practising English in groups
A:practising English in groups encourages students not to speak single.
B: Ah yes but it prevents us from speaking more
C:But on the other hand this forces them
to speak incorrectly in order to be fluent.
D:yes. but this makes them more confident to learn it in a short time.

Ex 8.3

Q. Write a paragraph based on your discussion Say which you think is preferable, and why?
Ans: In my opinion to live in one’s oWn country is preferable. We can remain with our family and friends. We can share our sorrow and happiness with them. We get cooperation, encouragement from them. If we are job holders, we feel proud of our service to the nation. In addition, we feel secure in our country.
तपाईंको छलफलमा आधारित एउटा अनुच्छेद लेख्नुहोस् जुन तपाईलाई सोच्नुहुन्छ भन्नुहुन्छ, र किन?

उत्तर: मेरो ओएनएन देशमा लाइभ गर्नको लागि मेरो विचार राम्रो छ। हामी हाम्रो परिवार र साथीहरु संग रहन सक्छौं। हामी उनीहरूको साथ आफ्नो दुःख र खुशी बाँड्न सक्छौं। हामी तिनीहरूलाई सहयोग, प्रोत्साहन प्राप्त गर्छौं। यदि हामी जागिर हो भने, हामी राष्ट्रलाई हाम्रो सेवामा गर्व गर्छौं। यसको अतिरिक्त, हामी हाम्रो देशमा सुरक्षित महसुस गर्दछौं

8.4. Course of action.
Q. Change the suggestions below using ought to, ought not to, might as swill or there is no point in.
Rules:
* Ought to = it should be done.
* Ought not to = it shouldn’t be done.
*Might as well = it is better to do but not compulsion.
* There is no point in = it is useless to do.

[Sub + ought to/ought not to/ might as well + V1 + object. ] we need not to put second sentence. [There is no point in + V4 + obj]

1. Don’t take your children to see that ﬁlm – it will frighten them.
-You ought not to take your children to see that ﬁlm.

2. Let’s not sell it – it’s not worth anything anyway.
-There is no point in selling it.

3. Why don’t we give it away – it is not worth anything anyway.
-We might as well give it away.

4. Don’t ask him – he doesn’t speak English.
-There is no point in asking him.

5. Why don’t you take a pullover – you have got plenty of room in your case.
– You might as will take a pullover.

6. Why don’t you take a pullover – it might turn cold.
– You ought to take a pullover.

7. Lets not talk about it now – the children are listening.
-We ought not to talk about it now.
8. Let’s not argue about nit now – that won’t solve the problem.
– There is no point in arguing about it.

8.5. Advising on choice

Rules:
A: Given sentence
B: No, There is no point in/it is not worth + V4 +obj – Reason. (Why is it useless?)
C: Yes, sub might as well + V1 (what is better to do)

1. Do you think I should keep all these old clothes?
A: Do you think I should keep all these old clothes?
B: No, there is no point in keeping all these old clothes – they are too dirty.
C: Yes, you might as well give them to a beggar.

2. What shall we do with the money? Invest it?
A; What shall we do with the money? Invest it?
B: No, there is no point in investing it – it is risky.
C: Yes, you might as well deposit it in the bank.

3. Should I send this letter ﬁrst class?
A: Should I send this letter ﬁrst class?
B: No, There is no point in sending this letter ﬁrst class – it is not so important letter.
C: Yes, we might as will send it to the second class.

4. Let’s get a bigger washing machine.
A: Let’s get a bigger washing machine.
B: No, there is no point in getting a bigger one – it is too expensive.
C: Yes, we might as well get a smaller one.

5. May be we ought to keep some of the ice cream for Mary.
A: May be we ought to keep some of the ice cream for Mary.
B: No, there is no point in keeping it for Mary – she won’t come.
C: Yes, we might as well eat them up.

6. Do you think we should go to school today?
A: Do you think we should go to school today?
B: No, there is no point in going to school today – it is a holiday today.
C:Yes, we might as will go to cinema.

7. I think I will make a bookcase.
A: I think I will make a bookcase.
B: No, there is no point in making a bookcase – you have a few books.
C: Yes, you might as well make a table.

Unit: 9
9.1 Information Questions.
Structure: [ Wh-word + common name + aux +sub + verb + obj?]
1. Are you having tomato/chicken/mushroom soup today?
-What soup are we having today?

2. Was it raining/foggy/ cold when you were in London?
-How was the weather when you were in London?

3. Are you planning to use your father’s car/Tony’s car/my car?
-Whose car are you planning to use?

4. Are you going to boil/fry/scramble those eggs?
-How are you cooking those eggs? /What are you going to do with those eggs?

5. Is it 500 miles/1000 miles/a long way is London from here?
-How far is London from here?

6. Would you like to do manual/ofﬁce/outdoor work?
-What kind of work would you like to do?

7. Are you there four/ﬁve /six of you?
– How many of you are there?

8. I hear he has hurt his leg. Has he broken/bruised/cut it/
-What has he done to his leg?

9. Are you Margaret’s cousin/brother/nephew?
-What is the relation between you and Margaret?

10. Is the cinema opposite/next to/round the corner from the station?
-Where is the cinema from the station? /What direction is the cinema from the station?

11. Have you given away/sold/burnt my old football boots?
-What have you done with my old football boots?

12. Did you use half inch/one-inch/three-quarter-inch screws? –
-What size screw did you use?

Q. Look at the set of words below. And
(a) decide what each set has in common
(b) ask the information question about it? Rules:
a) Put the common name of three objects.
b) Make a wh-question as your own.

1. arson/blackmail/assault
a) Crime
b) What crime did he commit?

2. stew/grill/roast
a) way of cooking
b) How shall I cook the meat?

3. major/sergeant/corporal
a) rank
b) What rank was he promoted to?

4. primary/grammar/comprehensive
a) kind of school
b) What kind of school they are at?

5. Ford/Volkswagen/Citroen
a) brand of car
b) What kind of car are you buying?

6. rubber/leather/plastic
a) material
b) What material is used in your shoes?

7. A4/foolscape/quarto
a) size of paper
b) What size of paper do you want?

8. Crimson/scarlet/maroon
a) shade of red colour
b) What shade of red is in her dress?

9. rare/medium/ well done
a) Way of doing
b) How would you like your steak done?

10. A/B/C
a) grade
b) What grade did he get in the test?

9.3 Indirect questions

Rewrite the following questions into indirect forms.

1. What time did you wake up this morning?
⇰ Can you remember what time you woke up this morning?
2. How much do colour TVs costs these days?
➡ Have you any idea how much colour TVs cost these days?

3. What time does the ﬁlm starts?
⇛ I wonder what time the ﬁlm star ts.

4. Was he alone?
⇨Did you notice if he had been alone .

5. When are they getting married?
– I am longing to know when they are getting married.

6. Did I lock the front door?
-Do you remember if I locked the front door?

7. Has the train left?
-Have you found out the train has left?

8. What colour curtains did they buy?
– Do you know what colour curtains they bought?

9.2 Getting further information
Write short conversation.
1. My sister got engaged last week.
A: My sister got engaged last week.
B: Really? Who did she et engaged to?
A: She is engaged to a doctor.
B: But what should I give to her as a gift?

2. He died suddenly at the age of 35.
A: He died suddenly at the age of 35.
B: Did he? What did he die of?
A:He died of cancer.
B: Wasn’t he taken to hospital?

3. I’m going to wrap those Christmas present.
A: I’m going to wrap those Christmas present.
B: Oh, are you? What are you going to wrap them in?
A: I am going to wrap them in a shining paper.
B: Who are you going to present them to?

4. I’m sure John is in love?
A: I’m sure John is in love?
B: Really? Who is John in love with?
A: He is in love with Neelam.
B: Will he marry her?

5. Can I borrow your pen knife for a moment?
A: Can I borrow your pen knife for a moment?
B: Oh. Sure. Why do you need it?
A: I want to peel potatoes.
B: Can’t you buy a new one?

Ex:9.7
Report the following questions:

1.Did you have a good Journey?
-Nabina asked me whether 1 had had a good journey.
2 Are you hungry ?
-Nabina asked me whether I was hungry.
3.Did you have a meal on the plane?
– Nabina asked me whether I had had a meal on the plane.
4. Did you have any trouble at customs?
– Ram asked me whether I had had any trouble at customs.
5. How are you feeling ?
-Ramesh asked me how I was feeling.
6. How much do you smoke?
– Hari asked me how much I smoke.
7. Have you been sleeping badly?
-He asked me whether I had been sleeping badly.
8. Have you worked in a restaurnt before?
-Sita asked me ifIhad worked in a restaurant before
9. Have you been vaccinated against cholera?
– Hle asked me if I had been vaccinated against cholera.
10. How far away do you lived?
– He asked me how far away I lived
11. Are you willing to work in the evenings?
-Rita wanted to know ifl was willing to work in the evenings.
12.When can you start?
-He asked me when I could start.
13.Do you do any exercise?
– Ram asked me if l did any excercises.

Write 120-180 words about one of the following topics
1.cars
Cars are one of the many gifts of modern science.They are now slowly becoming essential all over the world .It is because the pace of modern living has become so fast that busy people can not was their time by walking, waiting for buses or cycling all the way. Cars are smaller in size much more comfortable and can also not only be driven along -streets but can also be used for long as well as short distance journeyS.Maintenance cost of cars is also within manageable limits.
Cars are in common use in the western world of developed countries. Almost each and every household is keeping a car. At the same time it is also true that a vast majority of the third-world population is deprived of this facility In Nepal and India cars are considered a luxury of life, far beyond transport sy stem. However, we may not have to be disappointed for long because more and more car making companies are involved in cut-throat competition to win the consumer’s heart and tempt new consumers to buy their products.They are now trying to make cars new model that are accessible to average house holds and cheaper to maintain. Fifty years from now-who knows-we may see cars plying in Kathmandu roads and far out numbering other vehicles.

1.cars

कारहरू आधुनिक विज्ञानका धेरै उपहारहरू हुन्। तिनीहरू अहिले सबै संसारमा आवश्यक बनयो किनभने आधुनिक जीवनको गति यति छिटो भएको छ कि व्यस्त मानिसहरू उनीहरूको समय हिड्न सक्दैन, बसहरू वा साइकल यात्राको लागि प्रतीक्षा गर्दै सम्पूर्ण। कारहरु सानो आकारमा धेरै सहज छन् र पनि यो केवल नितान्तहरू साथ-साथ गर्न सकिन्छ पनि सक्छ तर लामो समयसम्म पनि छोटो दूरीको यात्रा पनि गर्न सकिन्छ। कारहरुको रखरखाव लागत व्यवस्थित सीमा भित्र पनि छ।

विकसित देशहरूको पश्चिमी संसारमा कारहरू सामान्य प्रयोगमा छन्। लगभग प्रत्येक परिवारले कार राखिरहेको छ। त्यहि समयमा यो पनि सत्य हो कि तेस्रो-विश्व जनसंख्याको विशाल बहुमत यस सुविधाबाट बञ्चित छ र नेपाल कारहरुको जीवनको लक्जरी मानिन्छ। यद्यपि, हामी लामो समय सम्म निराश नहुन सक्छ किनकि अधिक से अधिक कार कम्पनी उपभोक्ता को दिल जीतने को लागि र गला प्रतियोगिता मा शामिल हो र नयाँ उपभोक्ताहरु लाई आफ्नो उत्पादनहरु लाई खरीदने को लागि प्रलोभन .वे अब कारहरु लाई नयाँ मोडेल बनाउन को लागी कोशिश गर्दै छन् औसत घर धारण र सजिलो राख्न सजिलो। अहिलेबाट पचास वर्षहरू – कसले जान्दछ- हामी काठमांडूका सड़कोंमा कार फ्लाइङ्ग देख्न सक्दछौं र धेरै गाईको संख्यामा।

2. गर्मी र शीतकालीन
2. Summer and Winter
Summer and winter are the two opposite spokes in the annual Cycle of season.The two seasons are experienced in every part of the world, thought with varying intensity.
Generally summer is a hot season. In Nepal, when spring is over, Summer sets in bringing with it terrible heat and humidity. Most people are forced indoors because of the heat of the sun. They throw off their clothes.
People clamour for water but most of thw water sources get dry. People feel helpless
against overpowering laziness. Even the electric fan flls the room with hot air .Cold drinks are sold like hot cakes. The sisummer miseries begin to vanish within two months when the monsoon wimd bring the first rains of the yeatr in june.It still feels hot in the rainy season but it’s not oppressive and intolerable.
In Nepal winter starts from the last week of November.People sit in their homes, wrapped up in blankets. They come out in jackets and layers of lothes. It needs courage to bathe in cold water. It becomes foggy in most parts of the country Some times unexpected rains fall in this
Season. Life then becomes so miserable.

Unit: 10
10.1 I wish/If only

Q. Make sentences with I wish/if only, using a) would, b) could, c) the past tense.
1. It is raining.
➡ I wish someone would give me an umbrella.
⇛I wish I could buy a rain coat.
⇨I wish it was sunny.

2. You are lonely
-I wish someone would come to help me.
– I wish I could contact my friend.
– I wish I were with some friends.

3. You are ill in bed.
– I wish someone would bring me some medicine.. – I wish I could go to the hospital.
– I wish I was healthy.

4. Your car has broken down.
-I wish someone would come to help me.
– I wish I could repair it myself.
– I wish I had anew car.

5. You are short of money.
– I wish someone would lend me some money.
– I wish I could earn enough money.
-I wish I was wealthy.

Work in pairs.Have similar converation,based on the situations below.
1. A doesn’t have a telephone; B has a telephone.
B: I wish I didn’t have a telephone.
A: Really? Why’s that?
B: well, if I didn’t have a telephone,I wouldn’t have tk spend all time answering calls.
A: I wish I have a telephone.
B: Really? Why’s that?
A: Because if l had a telephone I could save a lot of time and energy

2.A doesn’t t work in London, B works in London
B: I wish I wasn’t working in London.
A: Really? Why’s that?
B: Well, if I wasn’t working in London ,I wouldn’t have to live away from my family.
A: Well, frankly, I wish I was working in London.
B: Really? Why’s that?
A:Because if I was working in London, I would earn enough to support my family

3.A’s children go to boarding school; B’s children don’t go to boarding school
B: I wish my children were going to boarding school.
A: Really? Why’s that?
B: Well if my children weren’t going to boarding school, I wouldn’t have to pay so much money.
A: Well, frankly, I wish my children were going to boarding school.
B: Really Why’s that?
A: Well if my children were gong boarding school, they would get better education.

4.A’s mother hardly ever visits him; B’s mother often visits him.
B: I wish my mother wouldn’t visit me.
A: Really? Why’s that?
B: Well, if my mother wouldn’t visit me, I wouldn’t alway have to keep my things in order.
A: Well, frankly, I wish my mother would often visits me
B: Really? Why’s that?
A: Because if my mother would offen visite , I wouldn’t have to eat out

5.A isn’t famous; B is famous.
B:I wish I wasn’t famous.
A:Rally? Why’s that?
B:Well, if I wasn’t famous, I wouldn’t be pushed about by fans and photographers.
A:Well, frankly, I wish I was famous.
B:Really Why’s that?
S:Because if l was famous, people would through to see me.

6.A has got a cold; B hasn’t g got a cold.
B: I wish I hadn’t got a cold
A; Really? Why’s that?
B: if I hadn’t got a cold, I wouldn’t have to miss
my class.
A: I wish I had got a cold.
B; Really? Why’s that?
A: Well, ifI had got a cold, I won’t have to go to work.

10.5 Feeling sorry for yourself.

Rules:
*I wish/if only + I had +V3 +Obj
*I shouldn’t + have +V3 +Obj.

Q. What might you regret in these situations, using I wish../If only.. or I shouldn’t ..?
1. You are suffering from sunstroke.
-I wish I had taken an umbrella with me.
– I shouldn’t have stayed in the sun.
2. War has suddenly broken out and you’re stuck in your hotel room.
– I wish I had stayed at home.
-I shouldn’t have come here.

3. Your house has burnt down.
– I wish I had called the ﬁre brigade.
– I shouldn’t have left the burning candle.

4. You feel seasick
-I wish I hade travelled by Plane.
– I shouldn’t have travelled by the ship.

5. You are short of sleep.
– I Wish I had gone to bed earlier.
-I shouldn’t have watched the ﬁlm all night.

6. Someone has just refused to marry you.
– I wish I had not proposed her.
-I shouldn’t have liked her.

7. You are stuck half way up a mountain in fog.
-I wish I had listened to the weather forecast.
– I shouldn’t have climbed in this season.

Work in pairs. Have conversation as in the example.
1. You are suffering from sunstroke.
A: I wish I’d sat in th shade.
I should never have taken the roof off the car.
B: Why not ?
A: Because If I’d sat in the shade I wouldn’t have got so burnt.
If I hadn’t taken if off

2. War has suddenly broken out and you’re stuck in your hotel room.
A: I wish I’d stayed in the home.
B: Why?
A: Because if I’d stayed in the home, I wouldn’t have been stuck in this hotel room.

3. Your house has burnt down.
A: Iwish I’d put off the candle before going to bed.
B:Why?
A:Because if Ihad put it off, my house wouldn’t have caugh fire

4.You feel seasick.
A: I should never have chosen to travel by sea.
B:Why not?
A:Because of I hadn’t chosen to travel by sea, I would never have felt seasick.

5. You’re short of sleep.
A: I shouldn’t have watched TV all night.
B:Why?
A:Because if I hadn’t watched Tv all night, wouldn’t have been felt sleepy now.

6.Someone. has just refused to marry you.
A:I should never have proposed her to mary me.
B:Why not?
A:Because if I hadn’t proposed her, I wouldn’t have been insulted

7.You’re stuck half way upa mountain in fog,
A:I wish I’d listened to the weather forecast before setting off for trekking.
B:Why?
A:Because if I’d listened to the weather forecast ,I wouldn’t have been caught in the mountain fog.

Composition (page: 104)
Q. Tell the story of a dream you have had.
Last Saturday night, I saw a strange dream. I couldn’t say why I saw this fearful dream and what unfulﬁlled desire made me to see this dream.
In my dream I was alone in a jungle. It was a dense forest. It was so beautiful and green that I was charmed by the beauty of it. The ﬂowers were blossomed and the fountains were ﬂowing in the forest. I was waiting for my friend there. The cuckoo’s sweet song had attracted me much. There was spring season around there.
I was waiting my friend. A black ﬁgure was coming towards me. At ﬁrst I thought it was my friend, but later I know that he was neither a man nor an animal. It was a ghost. It had longer hair and huge body. It had longer claws and teeth. Its face was covered with long dark hair and it was laughing heavily. I was afraid with it and tried to escape from there, but I couldn’t run. The ghost laughed heavily and caught my waist with its single hand and holds me up in the air. It tried to chew my head into its cave-like mouth. When it put my head into its mouth, I suddenly woke up in my bed in my room. I found my pillow had made uneasy to sleep. I was trembling with fear and I couldn’t sleep till the night. It was my strange dream I had seen last night.

Unit: 11
11. 1) Q. Change the following sentences using “When” instead of ‘and’ or ‘but’.
1. She peeled the banana and gave it to the baby.
-When she had peeled the banana, she gave it to the baby.
2. I looked in the fridge and found some sausages.
-When I looked in the fridge, I found some sausages.
3. The security man searched our hand baggage and we boarded the plane.
-When the security men had searched our hand baggage, we boarded the plane.
4. He kicked the dog and it barked.
-When he kicked the dog, it barked.
5. I went to the duty free shop and bought a cartoon of Gauloises.
-When I went to the duty free shop, I bought a cartoon of Gauloises.
6. The plane took off and the stewardess came round with orange juice.
– When the plane had taken off, the stewardess came round with orange juice.
7. He drank the coffee and asked for another cup.
-When he had drunk the coffee, he asked for another cup.

8. I paid my bill and left the restaurant.
-When I had paid my bill, I left the restaurant.

9. He put his foot on the brake but nothing happened.
-When he put his foot on the brake, nothing happened.

10. I read the letter and threw it into the wastepaper basket.
-When I had read the letter, I threw it into the wastepaper basket.

11. I read his autobiography and discovered what a strange person he had been.
– When I had read his autobiography, I discovered what a strange person he had been.

11.2 As Soon As
Q. change the sentences below using as soon as.
1. They saw the house and immediately fell in love with it.
-As soon as they saw the house, they fell in love with it.

2. I wrote the letter and posted it straight away.
-As soon as I had written the letter, I posted it straight away.

3. He got his exam results and immediately rang up his parents. – -As soon as she had got his exam results, he rang up his parents.

4. The train passed and immediately the crossing barrier went up. -As soon as the train had passed, the crossing barrier went up.
5. He got married again immediately after his wif e’s death.
– As soon as his wife had died, he got married again.
6. He left the house straight after breakfast.
-As soon as he had taken his breakfast, he left the house.
7. I looked into her eyes and knew immediately that she was she girl for me.
-As soon as I looked into her eyes, I knew that she was the girl for me.

11.4. Getting the order right.
Q. Decide whether the person did things in right order and say what happened as a result.
1. resigned/found another job (Wrong order.)
A: He didn’t ﬁnd another job before he resigned.
B: He resigned before he had found another job.
C: He became jobless.

2. Checked his change/left the shop (Right order)
A: He checked his change before he left the shop
B: He didn’t leave the shop until he had checked his change.
C: He was not deceived.

3. Started driving the car/insured it (Wrong order)
A: He didn’t insure the car before he started driving it.
B: He started driving the car before he had insured it.
C: He had an accident.

4. signed the contract/read it (wrong Order.)
A: He didn’t read the contract before he signed it.
B: He signed the contract before he had read it.
C: He was cheated.

5. had a good breakfast/set out (Right. Order.)
A: He had a good breakfast before he set out.
B: He didn’t set out until he had a good breakfast.
C: He was no longer hungry.

6. fastened her seat belt/drove off (Right order .)
A: She fastened her seat belt before she drove off.
B: She didn’t drive off until she had fastened her seat belt.
C: She was safe in the accident.

7. wiped his feet/came in (right Order)
A: He wiped his feet before he came in.
B: He didn’t come in until he had wiped his feet.
C: He kept his room clean.

11.6 Practice
Q. Develop the sentences below as the expression of unexpected events.

1. The audience came out of the cinema…..
a) The audience had only just come out of the cinema when the building collapsed.
b) No sooner had the audience come out of the cinema than the building collapsed.

2. I reached the shore…..
a) I had only just reached the shore when the storm broke out.
b) No sooner had I reached the shore than the storm broke out.

3. I left the island….
a) I had only just left the island when the volcano erupted.
b) No sooner had I left the island than the volcano erupted.

4. I changed all my dollars into sterlin
a) I had only just changed all my dollars into sterling when the value of dollars went down.
b) No sooner had I changed all my dollars into sterling than the value of dollars went down.

5. We got the harvest in…
a) We had only just got the harvest in when it started raining.
b) No sooner had we got the harvest in than it started raining.

6. She insured the painting….
a) She had only just insured the painting when it was stolen.
b) No sooner had she insured the painting than it was stolen.

7. I sold my house……
a) I had only just sold my house when it collapsed.
b) No sooner had I sold my house than it collapsed.

Composition (Page 114) Paragraph writing
1. Happiness
Happiness
It is difﬁcult to deﬁne what happiness is. In general sense, happiness it just the state of our mind when we are satisﬁed. So, mental satisfaction is happiness. Every person in the world wants to be happy but he /she couldn’t get it. Some people think that money and power give us happiness, but it is not so. Self satisfaction is happiness. In Mahabharata, It is said that we become happy when we leave our desire. Our greed and our desire make us unsatisﬁed what we have because we need more money and other property, then we become sad. It really depends on you. You choose to be happy because happiness never comes to a person. You see, a person (a man or woman or people) has the ability to choose. Maybe Happiness is a virtue. It is a feeling. It is a perspective. Happiness is not a permanent state, and no matter what we get, we will always swing between happiness and sadness. Just look at the miserable rich people out there. In terms of income, it has been shown that once we have a roof over our heads and food on the table, increasing amounts of money cannot buy more happiness.

2. Jealousy

Jealousy
Jealousy is unhappy and angry feeling at other’s progress. If we think we couldn’t do what a next person does, we become angry with his progress that is jealousy. For example when the mother gives delicious food to a small baby it makes the old child jealous. Sometime we become jealous even at out friend’s progress. It is a human nature to be jealous. But it shouldn’t be destructive. We should take it as for the encouragement of our own progress. If we only burn at the other’s progress, we could do nothing in our life and it would be harmful to us. For example when a boy is walking with another girl, his girlfriend becomes jealous. In ﬁlms and plays we see that they become take revenge due to jealousy. If we become much jealous, it will ruin our life.

Unit : 12
Comparison
12.3 Comparing Prices.
Rules;
⇨Sub + comparative + than + obj.
➣A is as +adj+ as +B.
➪B is not + as +adj + as +A.

➸To show more than: twice/two times, three times.
➭ To show less than : about, a little, a bit.

1. Tinned Peas: 25 p frozen peas: 48 p
– Frozen peas are nearly twice as expensive as tinned peas.
-Frozen peas cost about twice as much as tinned peas.
-Tinned peas cost about a half the price of frozen peas.

2. Cotton sheets: £14 silk sheets: £150
-Cotton sheets are about an eleventh as expensive as silk sheets. – -Silk sheets cost about eleven times as much as cotton sheets. -Cotton sheets are about an eleventh the price of silk sheets

3. Olive oil: £2 corn oil: £99p
-Olive oil is about twice as expensive as corn oil.
-Olive oil costs about twice as much as corn oil.
-Corn oil is about half of the price of olive oil.

4. Leather gloves: £8 woolen gloves: £2.75
-Leather gloves are three times as expensive as woolen gloves. — -Leather gloves cost about three times as much as woolen gloves. -Woolen gloves are about a third the price of leather gloves.

5. Color TV: £310 black & white TV: £60
-Color TV is about ﬁve times as expensive as black& white TV. -Color TV costs about three times as much as black & white TV. – – -Black & white TV is about one ﬁfth the price of colour TV. 12.4

Measuring Other Differences.

Write the other nouns in the table.

Expensive ➭ price
Deep ➭ depth

High/tall ➭ height

Wide ➪ width
Thick ➱ thickness
Long ➮ length
Heavy ➮ weight
Fast ➮ speed

12.6. Now change these sentences below into comparative sentences using: a) than b) as….as

1. The exam is not usually very difﬁcult, but this year it was quite toug
a) The exam was tougher this year than it usually is.
b) This year the exam wasn’t as easy as it usually is.

2. I had imagined my landlady would be in her ﬁfties, but she turned out to be thirty.
a) My landlady is younger than I had imagined her to be.
b) My landlady isn’t as old as I have imagined her to be.

3. His parents would like him to work hard, but he doesn’t
a) His parents would like him to work harder than he does.
b) He doesn’t work as hard as his parents would like him to do.

4. The washing machine makes a lot of noise, although it used to be fairly quiet.
a) The washing machine is nosier than it used to be.
b) The washing machine isn’t as quiet as it used to be.

5. You said I would enjoy the ﬁlm, but in fact I didn’t like it much a) I enjoy the ﬁlm less than you said I would do.
b) I didn’t enjoy the ﬁlm as much as you said I would do.

6. I had hoped to do quite a lot of work today, but I have only managed to do a little.
a) I have done less work today than I had hoped to do.
b) I haven’t done as much work today as I have hoped to do.

7. They could have helped me a lot, but in fact they hardly helped me at all.
a) They helped me far less than they could have done.
b) They didn’t help me as much as they could have done.

8.I hadn’t expected her to be very angry, but in fact she was absolutely furious.
a) She was much more furious than I had expected her to be.
b) She wasn’t as quiet as I had expected her to be.

9. Fifty people had been invited, but eighty came.
a) Far more people came than we had invited.
b) People didn’t come as few as we had invited. Writing ( Page: 121)

Q. A friend has written to you, saying he/she is on a strict diet and is eating very little, but that he/she is still putting on weight. Write a reply, explaining what he or she is doing wrong and giving some good advice.
Bhuwachide;
Mushicoat municipality Date:2075/08/19
Dear Nabina,

I got your letter yesterday. I got to know your problem of putting of weight. You had written that you were on a strict diet and eating little.
I think you have done something wrong in it. You perhaps don’t know how to lose your weight. At ﬁrst you shouldn’t eat that food which contains fat and calories. You should reduce eating carbohydrate, meat and other oily food. The best way to reduce weight is to do physical exercise and yoga. Yoga would give you relief by making your body attractive and healthy. You can do jogging and you can go to the yoga center. If you try this for a month you surely lose your weight. I hope you will surely follow my suggestion. I hope I will get your reply soon. Yours friend Arun panthi

Composition (page: 123)
Q. Write a review for a newspaper of a recent ﬁlm, play or book.
Munamadan: A historical Film of Nepal

I’ve recently watch the ﬁlm ‘Munamadan’. It is a Nepali ﬁlm. I’ve watched it in a computer through CD. This ﬁlm really represents the picture of Nepalese youths who goes to the foreign countries leaving their family. Laxmi Prasad Devkota wrote the book Munamadan as a song, later the story is converted into a ﬁlm. It is a historical and realistic ﬁlm of Nepal. It is a tragedy, based on Nepal’s most famous epic poem. Madan, a lower-class worker, is forced by poverty and mounting debts to go to Lhasa, Tibet, leaving behind his lonely mother and beloved wife, Muna. However, tragedy befalls him on the way home.
In this ﬁlm, Madan, a poor Nepalese youth goes to Lhasa to earn some money leaving his dearest wife Muna and his very old mother at his house. He earned money there. When he was coming to his house, he became sick on the way. But his friends left him alone there. A bhote meets min at night and took him to his house. He makes Madan healthy and he comes back to his house. At that time his mother and his wife were already dead in his memory. The ﬁlm ends with the pathetic scene. It touches everybody’s heart.
In this ﬁlm, Deepak Tripathi is in the role of Madan and Usha Paudel is in the role of Muna. This ﬁlm was directed by Gynendra Bdr. Deuja.This ﬁlm has presented the typical Nepali theme of poverty and family love. The plot, dialogue and setting of the ﬁlm are realistic. The songs are so heart touching and the decoration, costumes and dresses are all traditional one. I like to request all to watch this ﬁlm at once because it teaches us about ourselves.

Unit: 13
13.1 When …
Q. Join the following remarks using when. Rules:
1. [When + you + V1 + Obj] , [you have to + V1 + obj] 2. [When you have +V3 + obj] , [you + V1 + Obj]
1. arrive/border -show/passport
⇨When you arrive at the border, you have to show your passport. ➱ When you have shown your passport, you can go ahead.
2. water/boil – pour/teapot
➱ When you boil the water, you have to pour it into the teapot. ➱When you have poured it into the teapot, you put some sugar in it.
3. turn off/light – change/bulb
➱When you turn off the light, you have to change the bulb. ➯When you have changed the bulb, you turn on the light.
4. turn on/gas – light/gas
➱When you turn on the gas, you have to light the gas.
➱When you have lit the gas, you can cook your food.
5. meet/stranger – shake/hands
➱When you meet the stranger, you have to shake hands.
➱ When you have shook hands, you introduce yourself.
6. eat/meal – pay/bill
➱When you eat meal, you have to pay the bill.
➱When you have paid the bill, you come out from the hotel

13.2 Emphasizing the Right Order
We should put the work before which we have to do ﬁrst. If the work is in wrong order we should replace it.
Rules: 1. you should + ﬁrst work + before +you second work.
2. You shouldn’t + second work + until + you have + V3 second work.
3. Otherwise + reason (sub + might +V1 +obj)
1. wind the film on/close the camer a
➭ You should close the camer a before you wind the film on.
➭ You shouldn’t wind the film on until y ou have closed the camera.
➭ Otherwise the film might be damage d.

2. wind the film on /tak e a picture
– You should wind the film on befor e you take a picture
– you should tak e a picture until you have wound the film on.
-Otherwise you might ruin the pictur e.
3. read the label/wash a blouse
– You should read the label befor e you wash a blouse.
– You shouldn’t wash a blouse, until y ou have read the label.
– Otherwise you might damage it.
4. turn off the mains/change the fuse
– You should turn off the mains befor e you change the fuse.
– You shouldn’t change the fuse until y ou have turned off the main.
– Otherwise you might get an electric shock .
5. pay the bill/check it
– You should check the bill befor e you pay it.
– You shouldn’t pay the bill until y ou have paid it.
– Otherwise you might pay more.
6. bandage a wound/ clean it
– You should clean a wound befor e you bandage it.
– You shouldn’t bandage a wound unti l you have cleaned it.
– Otherwise you might get an inf ection.
7. listen the weather for ecast/go sailing.
– You should listen the weather for ecast, before you go siling.
– You shouldn’t go sailing until y ou have listened the weather for ecast.
– Otherwise you might get weight.
8. Buy your girlfriend a ring/ask her t o marry you
-You should ask your girlfriend to marry you before you buy her ring.
-You shouldn’t buy your girlfriend a ring until y ou have asked her to marry you
– Otherwise it might be useless .

13.4. Natural Process
All the verbs describe the changes of s tate. Which of them ar e used for talking about:
1.Changes in size➭ expand, contract, shrink, stretch, swell
2. Solids become melt, dissolv e
3. Liquids become solids? ➭➭ = set, freeze, congeal
4. Liquids become gas? ➭ = evaporate
5. gases become liquid/ ➭ =condense
Expand,
contract,
shrink,
stretch,
swell, melt,
dissolve,
set,
freeze,
congeal,
evaporate,
condense
What happens when y ou……..
1. Put a lump of ice in glass of lemonade.
It melts.
2. leave a pullover in a hot water
It shrinks
3. leave liquid cement on the gr ound.
It sets
4. leave a bowl of water outside in the sun.
It evaporates
5. leave a bowl of water outsides the south pole.
It freezes
6. leave a bowl of hot water in fr ont of a mirror.
It condenses
7. put some lump of sugar in y our coffee.
It dissolves
8.blow into a balloon.
It expands
9. pour cold water ont o hot metal.
It contracts
10. leave rice in a bowl of water
It swells
11. fill a bowl with blood and lea ve it.
It congeals.
Composition (page 133)
Q. You are studying at a language school. W rite a letter to a friend telling him/her what it is lik e.
Bhrikutinagar
Nepalgunj
Date: 10/01/2012
Dear Nisha,
I got your kind letter yesterday and I became extremely happy knowing about your computer
institute where you are studying. I’m going to write you about a language institute where I am learning
English language.
I think this Oasis Language Institute is the best institute of Nepalgunj. Only the experienced
language instructors are there to teach us. They always tell us not to feel any hesitation to speak English
whether it could be mistake while speaking. If we feel hesitation, we couldn’t speak it. They also focus on
practice rather than the theory of English language. They use audio and visual teaching materials to
teach us. Sometimes we have to talk with the tourists who come there. Sometimes the foreigners also
take classes. Group discussion is basically focused to learn language. There is a good environment of
learning English. I have been learning it for three months. I think I am improving my language than the
past. I think I will be fluent in English with in six months. If you like to learn English, I’d like you to
recommend this institute. I hope I will g et your reply soon.
Yours lovely friend

Preeti

Unit: 14
14.1 Practice
Q. Change the sentences below , using sure to, certain to, bound to, likely to and unlikely to:
Rules:
1. I’m sure = Sure to
2. Will certainly, will definitely = bound to /certain to
3. Will/will probably/ I I expect + will = lik ely to
4. probably won’t/ won’t, /I doubt if = unlik ely to
Structure:
Sub +is/am/ar e + (sure to/certain to/bound to/likely to/unlikely to) +V1 +Obj.
1. The price of br ead will definitely go up within a few weeks.
The price of br ead is bound t o go up within a few weeks.
2. There will probably be mor e fighting in the capital.
There is likely to be more fighting in the capital.
3. He probably won’t arrive.
He is unlikely to arrive.
4. I expect ther e’ll be lots of people at the meeting.
There is likely to be lots of people at the meeting.
5. I doubt if the miners will go on strik e.
The miners ar e unlikely to go on strike.
6. There probably won’t much snow thi s winter.
There is unlikely to be much snow this winter.
7. There will definitely be a f ew tickets left.
There are certainly to be few tickets left.
8. I doubt if the y will move this summe r.
They are unlikely to move this summer.
9. I’m sure a new chairman will be app ointed soon.
A new chairman is sur e to be appointed soon.
10. The government probably won’t make the wearing of seat belts compulsor y.
The government is unlik ely to make the wearing of seat belts compulsor y.
11. In ten years’ time everyone will have a digital watch.
In ten years time everyone is likely to have a digital watch.
12. By the end of the centur y, cars will probably be obsolete.
By the ten years’ time, cars ar e likely to be obsolete.
14.2 Precaution
1. Do you think I should r eserve a table?
A: Do you think I should r eserve a table?
B: Yes, you should- the r estaurant is likely to be full.
C: There is no point in – ther e are unlikely to be many people ther e.
2. I suppose I could tr y to get a bank loan.
A: I suppose I could tr y to get a bank loan.
B: Yes, you could – you are likely to start a new business.
C: There is no point in – y ou are very unlikely to get a bank loan
3. I was thinking of inviting her out t o dinner.
A: I was thinking of inviting her out t o dinner
B: Yes, you should – she is sur e to accept it.

C: There is no point in – she is unlik ely to accept your invitation.
4. Shall we tak e sandwiches?
A: Shall we tak e sandwiches?
B: Yes, you should – you are unlikely to get other things t o eat.
C: There is no point in – ther e are likely to be many other things.
5. Do you think I should apply?
A: Do you think I should apply?
B: Yes, you should – you are sure to get the job.
C: There is no point – ther e are likely to be hundreds of applicant.
6. Do you think I should buy some spar e batteries?
A: Do you think I should buy some spar e batteries?
B: Yes, you should – you are likely to walk in the dark.
C: There is no point – these batteries ar e unlikely to be finished.
7. May be I should get some malaria ta blets before I go.
A: May be I should get some malaria ta blets before I go.
B: Yes, you should – ther e are likely to many mosquit os.
C: There is no point – ther e are likely to be many hospitals.

14.3 Horoscope
Q. Write the names of 12 z odiacs.
1. Aries
2. Taurus
3. Gemini
4. Cancer

5. Leo

6. Virgo
7. Libra
8. Scorpio
9. Sagittarius
10. Capricorn
11. Aquarius
12. Pisce
Coose two of the zodiac signs below and write similar horoscope.

ARIES

Mar 21 – Apr 20
There are times when developments and progress are in full swing, but there are days together when life seems to be stagnant; when nothing significant seems to be happening. This is one of those phase that will test your patience. Especially for professionals and businessmen, this period may prove to be highly challenging. The reason: Moon’s connection with Saturn and Ketu, and the two malefic patrolling the 10th House. However, Mercury shuffles in the cosmos and moves through the 9th House, in the company of Jupiter and Sun. This position seems highly supportive of better times ahead. Singles are likely to fall for an acquaintance or a family friend. Filmy though it may sound, you may visit him/her for one reason or the other to see/meet her/him. There are high chances of parents agreeing to your choice, giving consent for marriage.

ARIES
मार्च 21 – अप्रिल 20

त्यहाँ कहिलेकाहीँ घटनाक्रमहरू र प्रगति पूर्ण झन्झटमा हुन्छन्, तर जीवन स्थिर रहन्छ जब दिनहरू सँगसँगै हुन्छन्। जब केहि पनि महत्त्वपूर्ण लागेन। यो ती चरण हो कि तपाईको धैर्यता परीक्षण गर्नेछ। विशेष गरी पेशेवर र व्यवसायीहरूको लागि यो अवधि अत्यन्त चुनौतीपूर्ण साबित हुन सक्छ। कारण: शनि र क्याटूको साथमा चाँदको सम्बन्ध, र दुई मानेफिक 10 औं सभामा गइरहेको छ। तथापि, बुध को ब्रह्मांड मा शफल गर्दछ र 9थ हाउस को माध्यम ले बृहस्पति र सूर्य मा छ। यो पदले अझ राम्रो समय अगाडी समर्थनको लागी देखिन्छ। सम्भावना एक परिचित वा एक परिवार मित्र को लागी गिरिनेछ। फिलमी यद्यपि यो हुन सक्छ, तपाईले उहाँलाई भेट्न एक कारण वा अन्यलाई हेर्न / उहाँलाई भेट्न / भेट्न सक्नुहुनेछ। आमाबाबुको उच्च सम्भावनाहरू तपाईंको छनौटमा सहमत छन्, विवाहको लागि सहमति दिने।

Taurus

Apr 21 – May 21

Good things take time, but there are. times when we lose patience and start doubting our own efforts. You may encounter something similar this week. You may want to review your strategies and look for loopholes that may not be allowing desired results. Businessmen – refrain from taking-up new projects or going on a trip to rope in new customers as this phase may not provide you fruitful results. Also, a glitch/adversity/lack of motivation may affect your output. On the relationship front, your frank opinion may be considered as arrogance, which may hurt a dear one. Watch your words and tone before you speak, because it can, eventually cost you a relationship, says Ganesha. Be polite and show compassion towards the concerned person to reinstate harmony in the relationship. Health-wise, diabetics need to be careful and take care of their food habits. Fluctuation in blood sugar levels can have dire consequences – undergo a regular check-up.

वृषभ
अप्रिल 21 – मई 21
राम्रो चीजहरू समय लाग्छन्, तर त्यहाँ छन्। कहिलेकाहीं हामी धैर्यता गुमाउछौं र हाम्रो आफ्नै प्रयासमा शंका गर्न थालें। तपाइँ यस हप्ताको यस्तै कुराको सामना गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। तपाईं आफ्नो रणनीतिहरू समीक्षा गर्न र लुफोलीहरूको खोजी गर्न चाहानुहुन्छ जुन वांछित परिणामहरू अनुमति नहुन सक्छ। व्यवसायीहरू – नयाँ-नयाँ योजनाहरूबाट निकास वा नयाँ ग्राहकहरूमा रस्सी गर्न यात्रामा जाँदा यस चरणले तपाईंलाई फलदायी परिणामहरू प्रदान नगर्न सक्छ। साथै, एक ग्लिच / विपत्ति / प्रेरणा को कमी तपाईंको आउटपुट असर गर्न सक्छ। सम्बन्ध अगाडि, तपाईंको फ्रान्की राय अहंकारको रूपमा विचार गर्न सकिन्छ, जसले एक प्रिय चोट पुर्याउँछ। Ganesha भन्छन्, जब तपाईं बोल्न अघि आफ्नो शब्दहरू र टोन हेर्नुहोस्, यसले अन्ततः तपाईलाई एक सम्बन्धको मूल्य लिन सक्छ। धैर्य हुनुहोस् र रिश्तेमा सद्भाव पुनर्स्थापित गर्न सम्बन्धित व्यक्तिलाई दया देखाउनुहोस्। स्वास्थ्य-बुद्धि, मधुमेह सावधान रहनु र तिनीहरूको खाना बानीहरूको ख्याल राख्नु आवश्यक छ। रक्त शर्कराको स्तरमा अस्थिरताले गम्भीर परिणाम हुन सक्छ – नियमित चेक-अप बाट गुज्र्

Unit: 15

Ex:15.2
Writing

Choose two of the headlines, and write the story ofeach.

1. Airport collision: 20 killed

Kathmandu, Dec.5:

There has been a serious accident at the Tribhivan International Airport, in which at least six people have lost their live. It has

been learnt that the collision occurred early this moning when an oil tanker in an attempt to get away from the run way of a plane that was preparing take off, rammed into a passenger van. The collision killed six passengers on the spot and injured many others. Rescue operations have been going on. The accident caused a delay in the departure of a few domestic flights.

2. Peace talks break down

Kathmandu, Dec. 5:
The peace talks between PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli PM have broken down and Tel Aviv has announced that their earlier plans to evacuate Arab settlers from Southern Palestine stand unchanged The decision to go ahead with the evacuation plans was announced by a
government spokesman at Tel Aviv earlier this afternoon when the two leaders could not make any headway. As the news about the peace talks
break down spread around, violence broke out in south Jerusalem. An Israeli policeman has reportedly been to death. Meanwhile, Washington has criticized both the leaders for their failure to resolve their differences.

3.Roman treasure discovered in field

Kathmandu, Jan 1:
Roman treasure belonging to 15 century BC. Has been discovered in a field five hundred miles to the south of Rome. It happened yesterday morning when a farm worker was ploughing his field and a stone slab was uncovered accidentally. An expert from the museum in Rome was called in and he identified the fragments as precious things of the long past. Later a team of archaeologists was sent there for further examination and identification. The investigation established what it was a hidden treasure worth trillons of pounds. Experts have anticipated further treasure hidden underneath .

4.Actor arrested innight club brawl

Kathmandu, Jan 2:
Film actor Kadar Khan has been arrested in a night club brawl, It happened late last night in Hotel Taj Malhal, Bombay when some photographers tried to photograph him dancing in a highly intoxicated condition with a girl. Khan reportedly snatched the cameras, abused the photographers and then kicked some of them. Meanwhile the All India Journalists’ Association has criticized Khan for his behaviour and warned him that unless he expressed unconditional apology, they will take the
matter to the court.

5.Residents evacuated alter earthquake
Kathmandu, Jan 2:
All the residents of several villages in the worst hit areas of China have been evacuated after the earthquake. The evacuation operation started this morning when seismologists forecast Some more
tremors during the next few days.

6. Search for missingyacht Melissa’ continues
Kathmandu, Jan 2:
A team of detectives have been continuing the search for the missing yacht Melissa’, which was caught in the sea storm some fifty miles to the west of Bombay in the Arabian sea four days ago. The yacht is said to be manned by three British tourists who surprisingly ventured out on a cloudy day without any guide. The detectives have reportedly bee unable to make any breakthrough .It is widely believed that now there is itle chance ofdiscovering the ill-fated yacht.

15.5 Hearsay
Rules:
1. We should avoid the following wor ds from each sentence:
Apparently
People say
They say that
I am told that
I have heard that.
2. We have to use is/am/ar e after each subject.
3. We should put Supposed t o in each sentence after the subject.
4. We should use V1 after supposed t o as: is = be
Are = be
Am = be
V5 = V1
Has = have
V2 = have + V3
Was = have been
Were = have been
Had = have had

5. We have to put object as it is giv en
Q. Change the following remarks using supposed to.

Structure: [Sub + is/am/ar e + supposed t o + V1 + object.]
1. Apparently elephants ha ve very long memories.
Elephants are supposed to have very long memories
2. People say it is unlucky t o walk under a ladder.
It is supposed t o be unlucky to walk under a ladder .
3. They say there is a monster in Loch Ness.
There is supposed t o be a monster in L och Ness.
4. Apparently Marilyn Monr oe was insomniac.
Marilyn Monroe is supposed t o have been insomniac.
5. I am told that garlic st ops you catching cold.
Garlic is supposed t o stop you catching cold.
6. Apparently Venice is slowly sinking int o the sea.
Venice is supposed to be slowly sinking int o the sea.
7. I’m told that he was a lorr y driver at one time.
He is supposed t o have been a lorr y driver at one time.
8. They say Methuselah liv ed for more than 300 years.
Methuselah is supposed t o have lived for more than 300 years.
9. I have heard that student gr ants are going up next y ear.
Student grants are supposed to be going up next y ear.
10. People say she was born on boar d a ship.
She is supposed t o have been born on boar d a ship.
11. They say the universe is expanding all the time.
The universe is supposed t o be expanding all the time.
Practice:
Q. Answer threes questions using supp osed to, apparently, I hear, I’m told, people say, they say.
1. Do you know if Alsatians mak e good pets?
Alsatians are supposed to make good pets.
2. What does it f eel like to be hypnotiz ed?
I hear it feels great to be hypnotiz ed.
3. I am thinking of going t o see (name of film). Do y ou know what it is lik e?
People say The Bodyguard is a boring film.
4. I wonder what is happening in (name of countr y in the news)?
I hear that people ar e dying in Japan.
5. What do you think (famous person) is like as a person?
People say he was a far-sighted leader .
6. I wonder what it ’s like to actually live in Hollywood?
They say it is expensiv e to live in Hollywood.
7. Do you know anything about lif e in Ancient Greece?
Life in Ancient Gr eece is supposed t o have been interesting.
15.6 Passive reporting verbs
Rule: it is +V3 + that + sentence.
1. Some people r eport that the American Government is worried about the situation.
It is reported that the American Government is worried about the situation

2. Sources estimate that mor e than 100 people ha ve died in the past two da ys.
It is estimated that mor e than 100 peop le have died in the past two da ys.
3. Everyone knows that the r ebels’ weapons came acr oss the border by road.
It is known that the r ebels’ weapons ca me across the border by road.
4. A lot of people belie ve that the President is about t o resign.

It is believed that the Pr esident is abou t to resign.

5. People say that the rebels are winning.
It is said that the r ebels are winning.
6. Some sour ces allege that both sides have tortured prisoners.

Travelling Through The Dark

The Lamentation of the Old Pensioner

Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies

Writer : William Shakespeare

SUMMARY

Important Questions and Answers:

God’s Grandeur

Writer : Gerard Manley Hopkins

Summary:

The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship

THE TELL -TALE HEART

Q. Choose one of the verbs in the list to report each of the remarks below. Promise,advise ,suggest,urge threaten,recommend,insist,beg

It is alleged that both sides ha ve tortured prisoners.